Fullerene derivatives superfamily attracts a serious attention as antiviral and anticancer agents and drug delivery carriers as well. A large number of such fullerene С60 derivatives obtained to date. However, there is an obvious deficit of information about causes and mechanisms of immediately and long-term consequences of their effects in vivo which is a true obstacle on the way leading to their practical medical using. First, this concerns their impact on the proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis regulation. Fullerene nanoparticle functionalization type, their sizes and surface nanopathology are of great importance for further promoting of either cytoprotective or cytotoxic effects. One of the main effects of fullerenes on living systems is the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation induction. This lecture provides a modern concept analysis regarding fullerenes effects on ROS formation and modulation of proliferation and apoptosis in normal and tumor cells.

Mutation status of 36 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase with primary and secondary imatinib resistance was analyzed. BCR-ABL mutations identified by direct DNA sequencing. BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations were detected in 30.5 % (11 of 36) of those patients. Most of identified mutations were missense mutations: Q252H, M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, E255K/V, T315I, M351T, F359V, F359C, F486S. Patients with BCR-ABL mutations have significantly lower 4-year event-free survival compared with CML patients without mutations (18 % vs. 53 %; р = 0.003). The results can be used as reference information in deciding on therapy in imatinib resistant CML patients with clinically relevant BCR-ABL mutations.

The additional molecular and chromosomal abnormalities (ACA) in Phositive cells usually considered as a genetic marker of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) progression. 457 patients in different CML phases received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (1st and 2nd generation) were studied. During therapy 50 cases with additional chromosomal abnormalities in Ph+ clone (22 of them in chronic CML phase) were revealed (median follow-up from CML diagnosis – 117 months, median imatinib therapy – 62 months). 86 % of patients in chronic phase with Ph+- cell abnormalities were cytogenetic resistance, and their 5-years overall survival was 80 % which was significantly lower than in patients without ACA (p < 0.005). The treatment results depend on chromosomal abnormalities detected. In patients with additional chromosome 8 imatinib therapy is effective, although complete cytogenetic response (CCR) is achieved only in the later therapy stages. In patients with additional translocations CCR also achieved with imatinib or 2nd generation TKI. Only a third of patients with additional Ph-chromosome or BCR/ABL amplification achieved complete suppression of Ph+ clone using 2nd generation TKI. The presence of additional chromosome 7 abnormalities and complex karyotype disorders involving isochromosome i(17)(q10) are poor prognostic factors of TKI treatment failures.

Worldwide distribution of mold fungi and their extremely danger for immune compromise patients makes this issue one of the unsolved problems in modern oncology. Three cases of rare fungal infections in children with hematological malignancies are described. In the first case infection caused by Acremonium spp. in AML patients was controlled after voriconazole therapy and granulocytes recovery. The second patients with aplastic anemia died as a result of invasive fungal infection caused by Fusarium spp. despite of combined antifungal therapy and granulocytes transfusions. In the third case diagnosis of Mucor mycosis was made only at autopsy

Infantile form of osteopetrosis (malignant osteopetrosis) is the most severe form of the disease. Specific radiological signs allow to suspect and
confirm the diagnosis. We analyzed the data of 17 patients with infantile osteopetrosis. In 13 from 17 patients we detected с.807+5 G>A mutation in TCIRG1 gene (most commonly seen in Chuvash and Mari). In all patients X-ray examination was performed with specific osteopetrosis signs in 100 % of cases. Regardless of age increased bone density and early ossification in this group of children were described. Details of radiological picture were significantly differing in different age groups. Most probably «Chuvash» mutation causes a less severe disease than other types of malignant osteopetrosis. Without treatment patients can survive 6–8 years that can detect radiological signs previously described only in adult (benign) osteopetrosis.

Actual problem of assessing immunotherapy prospects including antigenpecific cell therapy using animal models was covered in this review.
Describe the various groups of currently existing animal models and methods of their creating – from different immunodeficient mice to several
variants of tumor cells engraftment in them. The review addresses the possibility of tumor stem cells studying using mouse models for the leukemia treatment with adoptive cell therapy including WT1. Also issues of human leukemia cells migration and proliferation in a mice with
different immunodeficiency degree are discussed. To assess the potential immunotherapy efficacy comparison of immunodeficient mouse model with clinical situation in oncology patients after chemotherapy is proposed.