At present, introduction of target therapy to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) treatment made CML not life-limiting disorder. The main condition of treatment efficacy is its continuity. The most common causes of dose reduction and CML therapy interruption is hematologic toxicities such as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The adverse events correction in these circumstances is vital. Recommendations for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia correction are proposed in this article. The basement and results of the use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and thrombopoietine receptor agonist for hematologic toxicities correction with clinical case are presented.

History of multiple transfusions in patients with hematological diseases increases the likelihood of immunization to donor blood cells antigens
and immunological complications development. Incidence of alloantibodies development in this patients was assessed in this work. Alloantibodies detection was performed in patients with aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. 9696 patients were included in this study. Frequency of alloantibodies to red cell antigens was 3.8 %, with 0.9 % of the antibody belong to the immunoglobulin G, and 2.9 % of the cases – to immunoglobulin M. Most of the IgG antibodies had following specificity:
monospecific anti-D antibody (21 cases), anti-DC and anti-DE antibodies (4 cases), anti-C (8 cases), anti-E (15), anti-c (13), and anti-K (11). Anti-e (1), anti-Fya (2), anti-Lea (4), anti-S (2), anti-s (2), anti-Jka (2) antibodies were less common. Granulocytes antibodies were found in 66.7 % of 384 patients, with results dependent on the detection method used. The presence of antiplatelet alloantibodies studied in 285 serum samples, of which antibodies were detected in 99 patients (34.7 %). Specificity of platelet antibodies was determined in three serum samples only: anti-2b, anti-1a, anti-1b. In other patients, probably present antibodies to several antigens simultaneously, and to identify them was not possible.

Due to the relative low incidence of primary mediastinal B-large cell lymphoma (PM BLCL) optimal approaches to its treatment is still not well developed. Possibility to improve PM BLCL clinical outcomes by intensifying induction chemotherapy (CT) and the use of rituximab, the usefulness of high-CT with autologous stem cells transplantation (autologous HSCT) and radiotherapy (RT) is currently being studied.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of induction therapy MACOP-B with or without rituximab in patients with PM BLCL. 34 patients with PM BLCL, received MACOP-B (n = 10) or R-MACOP-B (n = 24) in P.A. Herzen Moscow Research Institute of Oncology during January 2006 and August 2013, were included in the study. 28 patients (82.4 %) achieved partial/complete remission after MACOP-B ± rituximab completing. In case of insufficient response (large residual tumor) or primary resistance patients received the second line chemotherapy and/or autologous HSCT. 25 patients received radiotherapy for residual tumor mass after CT completion. After completion of full treatment program remission was achieved in total of 32 patients (94.1 %): complete remission in 27 (79.4 %) and partial remission in 5 (14.7 %). Relapse occurred in 3 patients (8.8 %). With a median follow-up of 36.5 months, 3-year disease-free survival was 93 %, eventfree survival – 75 % and overall survival – 90 %. Thus, the “MACOP-B ± rituximab” program was highly effective and acceptable tolerated in PM BLCL patients. The necessity of auto-HSCT and radiotherapy remains debatable.

Different mechanisms of neuromuscular complications, their clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options are
presented. The material is presented according to the level of nervous system damage, with inclusion of different clinical entities. Authors reviewed
a wide range of disease – disease of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and plexus, neuromuscular junction and muscle – as a result of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Systemic effects of drugs on peripheral nervous system, various departments of which can be simultaneously involved in the pathological process, were also highlighted.

In contrast to the "adult" medicine, pediatric oncology and hematology requires considerably more anesthesiologist participation in diagnostics
and treatment. According to data of Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology more than 70 % of indications for general anesthesia are minimally invasive interventions. The purpose of general anesthesia for small interventions is to provide patient safety and comfort during painful and fear-inducing manipulations. Protocols of inhalation and intravenous anesthesia recommended for widespread use in pediatric patients are presented.

Using of different cell preparations is an essential part of treatment of many diseases. Production technology and quality control of these products are actually biotechnology research with a variety of the necessary criteria. Quality control system in Russia is missing, so the authors attempt to analyze and adapt FDA and EU criteria for quality control GMP-producing cell preparations. The developed methodology has been tested on cell preparations of allogeneic and autologous mesenchymal stem cells undergoing ex vivo expansion for clinical use in a number of experimental therapeutic programs in pediatric hematologic malignancies.

Aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of malignant neoplasms (MN) in pediatric population (0–17 years) in the Chuvash Republic for the 15-year period (1994–2008). For study period total of 499 MN cases have been reported with an average of 33.3 ± 1.8 cases per year. The incidence rate of MN in children and adolescents was 10.1 ± 0.4 per 100.000. Distinct tendency to a change in the MN incidence rate has not been fo und, a regression analysis line is almost horizontal.

Abnormal unstable hemoglobins are common in certain geographic areas (Hb S, Hb C, Hb E, Hb D). The clinical manifestations in carriers of abnormal hemoglobins may be absent or expressed in the form of severe hemolytic anemia with high mortality. The article describes the case with the combination of Hb E and erythrocytosis, which caused some difficulties in the diagnosis of disease.