<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">936</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2024-19-3-45-60</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW DIRECTIONS, DIAGNOSTIC OPPORTUNITIES, AND TREATMENT ADVANCES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ, ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И УСПЕХИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Retrospective analysis of own long-term experience in studying the BCR::ABL kinase domain mutational status in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ретроспективный анализ собственного многолетнего опыта исследования мутационного статуса киназного домена гена BCR::ABL у пациентов с хроническим миелолейкозом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4546-5808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kustova</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кустова</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-6472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Motyko</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мотыко</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-306X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirienko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириенко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2793-452X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gert</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герт</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0855</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leppyanen</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леппянен</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-1736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakay</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакай</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efremova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефремова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-0757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>6–8 L’va Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022,</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-7961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lomaia</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ломаиа</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>2 Akkuratova St., Saint Petersburg 197341</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3536-0770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shuvaev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуваев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>4 Koroleva St., Obninsk 249031,</italic></p><p><italic>Build. 1, 2 / 1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>249031 Обнинск, ул. Королева, 4,</italic></p><p><italic>125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2 / 1, стр. 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9931-9406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorkevich</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоркевич</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-0490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynkevich</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынкевич</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Irina S. Martynkevich</bold></p><p><italic>16 2<sup>nd</sup> Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Ирина Степановна Мартынкевич</bold> </p><p><italic>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</italic></p></bio><email>mis2907@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А. Ф. Цыба – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-01"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/936">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/936</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors achieve durable optimal responses. Loss of the achieved molecular response is observed in 15–30 % of patients. Mutations in the BCR::ABL kinase domain are one of the most common mechanisms for the development of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To conduct a retrospective analysis of the BCR::ABL kinase domain mutational profile in patients with CML observed at the Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology from 2012 to 2023. To assess the impact of mutations type and number on the rate of achieving a major molecular response (MMR). To study the risk of MMR loss depending on the therapy line and existing mutational status.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. 1831 patients with CML were examined at different times. The mutational status of the BCR::ABL kinase domain was analyzed by direct Sanger sequencing. A standard cytogenetic study was carried out using GTG banding technology with the analysis of at least 20 metaphase plates.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Mutations in the BCR::ABL kinase domain were identified in 27.6 % of the total studied patients. The most common mutation, 6.3 % in the overall group or 22.7 % among patients with mutations, was the T315I mutation. Additional chromosomal aberrations (ACAs) were detected in Ph-positive cells in 20.5 % of patients, in Ph-negative clones in 3.9 % of cases (p = 0.0001). The frequency of ACAs detection did not statistically significantly differ (p = 0.25) between patients with BCR::ABL mutations (23.5 %) and with a negative mutation status (17.7 %), and the presence of mutations in the kinase domain did not correlate with ACAs in Ph-positive clones (p = 0.73). However, the frequency of T315I mutation detection in Ph-positive cells had significant differences: 40.9 % in combination with ACAs and 21 % without ACAs (p = 0.032). Patients with the T315I mutation had significantly worse MMR than patients with mutations in other BCR::ABL regions (p = 0.04) and patients without mutations (p = 0.02). The probability of MMR achieving did not differ significantly between patients with different numbers of BCR::ABL mutations (p = 0.14). Loss of MMR occurred more often in patients with mutations (p = 0.04) and not depend on the line of therapy (p = 0.03).</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. For complete monitoring and optimal choice of therapy, CML patients require not only monitoring of BCR::ABL relative expression level, but also standard cytogenetic and analysis of the mutational status.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Большинство пациентов с хроническим миелолейкозом (ХМЛ), получающих терапию ингибиторами тирозинкиназы, достигают стойкого оптимального ответа. У 15–30 % пациентов наблюдается потеря достигнутого молекулярного ответа. Мутации в киназном домене гена BCR::ABL – один из наиболее частых механизмов развития резистентности к ингибиторам тирозинкиназы.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – провести ретроспективный анализ мутационного профиля киназного домена гена BCR::ABL у пациентов с ХМЛ, наблюдавшихся в РосНИИГТ ФМБА России с 2012 по 2023 г., оценить влияние типа и количества мутаций на частоту достижения большого молекулярного ответа (БМО), а также изучить риск его потери в зависимости от линии терапии и мутационного статуса.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Обследован 1831 пациент с ХМЛ. Мутационный статус киназного домена BCR::ABL проанализирован путем прямого секвенирования по Сэнгеру. Стандартное цитогенетическое исследование проводилось с использованием технологии GTG-бэндинга и анализом не менее 20 метафазных пластин.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Мутации киназного домена BCR::ABL выявлены у 27,6 % пациентов из общей выборки. Наиболее часто (6,3 % общей группы или 22,7 % среди пациентов с мутациями) выявлялась мутация T315I. Дополнительные хромосомные аберрации (ДХА) в Ph-позитивных клетках определялись у 20,5 % пациентов, в Ph-негативных клонах – у 3,9 % (р = 0,0001). Частота выявления ДХА статистически значимо (р = 0,25) не различалась у пациентов с мутациями BCR::ABL (23,5 %) и отрицательным мутационным статусом (17,7 %). Также наличие мутаций в киназном домене не коррелировало с ДХА в Ph-позитивных клонах (р = 0,73). Однако частота выявления мутации T315I в Ph-позитивных клетках имела значимые различия: 40,9 % в сочетании с ДХА и 21 % без них (р = 0,032). Пациенты с мутацией T315I хуже достигали БМО, чем пациенты с мутациями в других регионах BCR::ABL (р = 0,04) и пациенты без мутаций (р = 0,02). Вероятность достижения БМО значимо не различалась у пациентов с различным количеством мутаций BCR::ABL (р = 0,14). Потеря БМО происходила чаще у пациентов с мутациями (р = 0,04) и не зависела от линии терапии (р = 0,03).</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Для полноценного мониторинга и оптимального выбора терапии пациентам с ХМЛ необходим не только мониторинг уровня относительной экспрессии BCR::ABL, но и стандартное цитогенетическое исследование и анализ мутационного статуса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>additional chromosomal aberrations</kwd><kwd>therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors</kwd><kwd>resistance to targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>variant translocation t(9</kwd><kwd>22)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический миелолейкоз</kwd><kwd>мутация</kwd><kwd>дополнительные хромосомные аберрации</kwd><kwd>терапия ингибиторами тирозинкиназы</kwd><kwd>резистентность к таргетной терапии</kwd><kwd>вариантная транслокация t(9</kwd><kwd>22)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out as part of the research work “MPN-20”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках научно-исследовательской работы «МПН-20»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shuvaev V.A., Martynkevich I.S., Sidorkevich S.V. Myeloproliferative neoplasms. Moscow, 2023. 336 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шуваев В.А., Мартынкевич И.С., Сидоркевич С.В. Миелопролиферативные новообразования. М., 2023. 336 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Flis S., Chojnacki T. Chronic myelogenous leukemia, a still unsolved problem: pitfalls and new therapeutic possibilities. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019;13:825–43. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S191303</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Weerkamp F., Dekking E., Ng Y.Y. et al. Flow cytometric immunobead assay for the detection of BCR-ABL fusion proteins in leukemia patients. Leukemia 2009;23(6):1106–17. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>McWhirter J.R., Wang J.Y. An actin-binding function contributes to transformation by the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein of Philadelphia chromosome-positive human leukemias. EMBO J 1993;12(4): 1533–46. DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05797.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Peiris M.N., Li F., Donoghue D.J. BCR: a promiscuous fusion partner in hematopoietic disorders. Oncotarget 2019;10(28): 2738–54. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26837</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Quintás-Cardama A., Cortes J. Molecular biology of bcr-abl1positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2009;113(8):1619–30. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-144790</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Vinhas R., Lourenço A., Santos S. et al. A novel BCR-ABL1 mutation in a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2018;11:8589–98. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S177019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hochhaus A., Baccarani M., Silver R.T. et al. European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2020;34(4):966–84. DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0776-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Frazer R., Irvine A.E., McMullin M.F. Chronic myeloid leukaemia in the 21st century. Ulster Med J 2007;76(1):8–17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lomaia E.G., Konopleva M.Yu., Romanova E.G., Zaritzkiy A.Yu. Chronic myeloid leukemia – before and after imatinib (Third part). Onkogematologiya = Oncohematology 2010;(1):5–20. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ломаиа Е.Г., Коноплева М.Ю., Романова Е.Г., Зарицкий А.Ю. Хронический миелолейкоз – до и после иматиниба (часть III). Онкогематология 2010;(1):5–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravlev A.V., Knysh O.I. Key principles of drug therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Farmakoekonomika. Sovremennaya farmakoekonomika i farmakoepidemiologia = Farmakoekonomika. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology 2023;16(2):332–44. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2023.166</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлев А.В., Кныш О.И. Основные принципы лекарственной терапии пациентов с хроническим миелоидным лейкозом. Фармакоэкономика. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология 2023;16(2):332–44. DOI: 10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2023.166</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Rosti G., Castagnetti F., Gugliotta G., Baccarini M. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukaemia: which, when, for whom? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017;14(3):141–54. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.139.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zabriskie M.S., Eide C.A., Tantravahi S.K. et al. BCR-ABL1 compound mutations combining key kinase domain positions confer clinical resistance to ponatinib in Ph chromosome-positive leukemia. Cancer Cell 2014;26(3):428–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wylie A., Schoepfer J., Jahnke W. et al. The allosteric inhibitor ABL001 enables dual targeting of BCR-ABL1. Nature 2017;543(7647):733–7. DOI: 10.1038/nature21702</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Alves R., Gonçalves A.C., Rutella S. et al. Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia – from molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Cancers 2021;13(19):4820. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Jabbour E., Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring. Am J Hematol 2020;95(6):691–709. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25792</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Cortes J., Lang F. Third-line therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: current status and future directions. J Hematol Oncol 2021;14(1):44. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01055-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Poudel G., Tolland M.G., Hughes T.P., Pagani T.S. Mechanisms of resistance and implications for treatment strategies in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14(14):3300. DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143300</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Balabanov S., Braig M., Brümmendorf T.H. Current aspects in resistance against tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Drug Discov Today Technol 2014;11:89–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Patel A.B., O’Hare T., Deininger M.W. Mechanisms of resistance to ABL kinase inhibition in chronic myeloid leukemia and the development of next generation ABL kinase inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017;31(4):589–612. DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.04.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Soverini S., Hochhaus A., Nicolini F.E. et al. BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation analysis in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of European LeukemiaNet. Blood 2011;118(5):1208–15. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-326405</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Soverini S., Colarossi S., Gnani A. et al. Contribution of ABL kinase domain mutations to imatinib resistance in different subsets of Philadelphia-positive patients: by the GIMEMA working party on chronic myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(24):7374–9. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Meenakshi Sundaram D.N., Jiang X., Brandwein J.M. et al. Current outlook on drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and potential therapeutic options. Drug Discov Today 2019;24(7):1355–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Braun T.P., Eide C.A., Druker B.J. Response and resistance to BCR-ABL1-targeted therapies. Cancer Cell 2020;37(4):530–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Cang S., Liu D. P-loop mutations and novel therapeutic approaches for imatinib failures in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2008;1:15. DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-1-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shahrin N.H., Wadham C., Branford S. Defining higher-risk chronic myeloid leukemia: risk scores, genomic landscape, and prognostication. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2022;17(6):171–80. DOI: 10.1007/s11899-022-00668-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Liehr T. International system for human cytogenetic or cytogenomic nomenclature (ISCN): some thoughts. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021;161(5):223–4. DOI: 10.1159/000516654</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Van Dongen J.J., Macintyre E., Gabert J. et al. Standardized RT-PCR analysis of fusion gene transcripts from chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia for detection of minimal residual disease. Report of the BIOMED-1 Concerted Action: investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia 1999;13(12):1901–28. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401592</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Alikian M., Gerrard G., Subramanian P.G. et al. BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations: methodology and clinical evaluation. Am J Hematol 2012;87(3):298–304. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22272</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Branford S., Rudzki Z., Walsh S. et al. Detection of BCR-ABL mutations in patients with CML treated with imatinib is virtually always accompanied by clinical resistance, and mutations in the ATP phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) are associated with a poor prognosis. Blood 2003;102(1):276–83. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2896</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Soverini S., Martinelli G., Rosti G. et al. ABL mutations in late chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with up-front cytogenetic resistance to imatinib are associated with a greater likelihood of progression to blast crisis and shorter survival: a study by the GIMEMA Working Party on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(18):4100–9. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.531</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Jabbour E., Kantarjian H., Jones D. et al. Frequency and clinical significance of BCR-ABL mutations in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib mesylate. Leukemia 2006;20(10):1767–73. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404318</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Nicolini F.E., Corm S., Lê Q.H. et al. Mutation status and clinical outcome of 89 imatinib mesylate-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia patients: a retrospective analysis from the French intergroup of CML (Fi(phi)-LMC GROUP). Leukemia 2006;20(6):1061–6. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404236</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Yohanan B., George B. Current management of chronic myeloid leukemia myeloid blast phase. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022;16:11795549221139357. DOI: 10.1177/11795549221139357</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Jabbour E., Morris V., Kantarjian H. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with V299L BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation after therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood 2012;120(16):3382–3. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-424192</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Eide C.A., Zabriskie M.S., Savage Stevens S.L. et al. Combining the allosteric inhibitor asciminib with ponatinib suppresses emergence of and restores efficacy against highly resistant BCR-ABL1 mutants. Cancer Cell 2019;36(4):431–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Khorashad J.S., Kelley T.W., Szankasi P. et al. BCR-ABL1 compound mutations in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant CML: frequency and clonal relationships. Blood 2013;121(3):489–98. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-431379</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Shah N.P., Skaggs B.J., Branford S. et al. Sequential ABL kinase inhibitor therapy selects for compound drug-resistant BCR-ABL mutations with altered oncogenic potency. J Clin Invest 2007;117(9):2562–9. DOI: 10.1172/JCI30890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Yi J.H., Lee G.W., Lee J.H. et al. Multicenter retrospective analysis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Korea. Blood Res 2021;56(4):243–51. DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2021102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Eds.: S.H. Swerdlow, E. Campo, N.L. Harris et al. 4th edn. Vol. 2. Lyon: IARC Press, 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Gorusu M., Benn P., Li Z., Fang M. On the genesis and prognosis of variant translocations in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2007;173(2):97–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.10.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Stagno F., Vigneri P., Del Fabro V. et al. Influence of complex variant chromosomal translocations in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Acta Oncol 2010;49(4):506–8. DOI: 10.3109/02841861003660031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Marzocchi G., Castagnetti F., Luatti S. et al. Variant Philadelphia translocations: molecular-cytogenetic characterization and prognostic influence on frontline imatinib therapy, a GIMEMA Working Party on CML analysis. Blood 2011;117(25):6793–800. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-328294</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Aydin C., Cetin Z., Salim O. et al. Previously unreported chromosomal aberrations of t(3;3)(q29;q23), t(4;11)(q21;q23), and t(11;18)(q10;q10) in a patient with accelerated phase Ph+ CML. Case Rep Genet 2014;2014:582016. DOI: 10.1155/2014/582016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fominykh M.S., Shukhov O.A., Shuvaev V.A. et al. Clinical significance of combined detection of additional chromosomal aberrations in Ph-positive cells and mutations of the BCR-ABL gene in patients with chronic myeloluciasis during therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Vestnik gematologii = Bulletin of Hematology 2017;8(2):81–2. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фоминых М.С., Шухов О.А., Шуваев В.А. и др. Клиническое значение сочетанного обнаружения дополнительных хромосомных аберраций в Ph-положительных клетках и мутаций гена BCR-ABL у пациентов с хроническим миелолейкозом при терапии ингибиторами тирозинкиназ. Вестник гематологии 2017;8(2):81–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Issa G.C., Kantarjian H.M., Gonzalez G.N. et al. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities appearing in Philadelphia chromosome-negative metaphases during CML treatment. Blood 2017;130(19):2084–91. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-792143</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Kovitz C., Kantarjian H., Garcia-Manero G. et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia developing after imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2006;108(8):2811–3. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-017400</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Jabbour E., Kantarjian H.M., Abruzzo L.V. et al. Chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia chromosome negative metaphases appearing during imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Blood 2007;110(8):2991–5. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-070045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Hu S., Chen D., Xu X. et al. Targeted next-generation sequencing identifies additional mutations other than BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: a Chinese monocentric retrospective study. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14(23):5752. DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235752</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
