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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">881</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2023-18-4-213-224</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SUPPORTIVE THERAPY ASPECTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АСПЕКТЫ ПОДДЕРЖИВАЮЩЕЙ ТЕРАПИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of acute leukemia complications in children at the disease onset and during induction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ осложнений острых лейкозов у детей в дебюте заболевания и во время индукционной химиотерапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-9716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lygina</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лыгина</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Elena S. Lygina </bold></p><p><italic>2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Eлена Cергеевна Лыгина </bold></p><p><italic>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</italic></p></bio><email>lyginale@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0424-0151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5577-8950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusina</surname><given-names>М. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>2 Akkuratova St., Saint Petersburg 197341</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-0982</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dinikina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диникина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100,</italic></p><p><italic>2 Akkuratova St., Saint Petersburg 197341</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2,</italic></p><p><italic>197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</italic></p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>213</fpage><lpage>224</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/881">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/881</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Despite the progress achieved in the treatment of acute leukemia (AL) in children, complications, both at the disease onset and those resulting from antitumor therapy, remain the main cause of early mortality, which varies from 3 to 20 %.</p><p><bold>Aim. </bold>To assess the frequency, severity, etiology, risk factors, and outcomes of AL complications in children at the disease onset and during induction chemotherapy (ICT).</p><p><bold>Results. </bold>The study analyzed 92 cases of AL in children aged from 5 months to 17 years. 75 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 17 had acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In 1 (1.3 %) patient with ALL and in 5 (29.4 %) with AML, a concomitant diagnosis was Down syndrome. At the AL onset, 34 (36.9 %) patients were diagnosed with infection, of which 27 (36 %) and 7 (41.2 %) patients had ALL and AML, respectively. In both cohorts, febrile neutropenia (55.5 %; n = 15 vs. 14.3 %; n = 1), pneumonia (25.9 %; n = 7 vs. 71.4 %; n = 5), enterocolitis (7.4 %; n = 2 vs. 14.3 %; n = 1) predominated in both cohorts for AML and ALL, respectively. Due to uncontrolled infection in 5 (29.4 %) patients with AML and 13 (17.3 %) with ALL, ICT was delayed until the condition stabilized and the infection was controlled. During ICT, the incidence of infectious complications was 81.3 % (n = 61) and 100 % (n = 17) in patients with ALL and AML, respectively. The most common types were enterocolitis (41.2 %; n = 7 vs. 34.4 %; n = 21), febrile neutropenia (29.4 %; n = 5 vs. 37.7 %; n = 23), pneumonia (47.1 %; n = 8 vs. 29.5 %; n = 18), catheter-associated bloodstream infection (11.8 %; n = 2 vs. 8.2 %; n = 4) in AML and ALL, respectively. By etiology, bacterial infections predominated, accounting for 32 % (n = 8) and 36.8 % (n = 35) in the AML and ALL groups, respectively. More cases of invasive mycoses were reported in AML patients – 23.5 % (n = 4) versus 14.8 % (n = 11). Non-infectious complications were diagnosed in 32.6 % (n = 30) of patients with a predominance in ALL group (34.6 %; n = 26 vs. 23.5 %; n = 4). Hyperleukocytosis at the leukemia onset caused such complications as leukostasis (11.8 %; n = 2) and acute tumor lysis syndrome (11.8 %; n = 2). The most common post-cytostatic complications in ALL were vincristine polyneuropathy (61.5 %; n = 16), hemorrhagic syndrome (15.4 %; n = 4), methotrexate-induced encephalopathy (15.4 %; n = 4), acute tumor lysis syndrome (11.5 %; n = 3). In AML cases, the most common type of non-infectious complications were hemorrhagic (75 %; n = 3). Induction mortality in the ALL group was 2.6 % (n = 2), in the AML group it was higher – 11.8 % (n = 2), however, it should be noted that all deaths were registered in children with Down syndrome. The main cause of mortality in both groups was severe infections secondary to chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic aplasia. There were no deaths associated with non-infectious complications or chemotherapy-induced toxicity.</p><p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The main type of toxicity in children at the AL onset and during ICT remains infectious complications of various etiologies, while in AML patients a higher frequency of invasive mycoses is registered (23.5 % vs. 14.8 %). Despite the high incidence of chemo-induced toxicity, the mortality rate in ALL remains low, amounting to 2.6 % in our cohort. In the AML group, mortality was higher – 11.8 %, but it should be noted that all cases occurred in patients with Down syndrome. There were no deaths due to non-infectious complications in any of the study cohorts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Несмотря на достигнутые успехи в лечении острых лейкозов (ОЛ) у детей, осложнения, как в дебюте заболевания, так и возникающие в результате противоопухолевой терапии, остаются основной причиной ранней летальности, которая варьирует от 3 до 20 %.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– оценка частоты, тяжести, этиологии, факторов риска, исходов осложнений ОЛ у детей в дебюте заболевания и на этапе индукционной химиотерапии (ИхТ).</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Выполнена ретроспективная оценка осложнений ОЛ в дебюте и во время ИхТ за период с 2016 по 2022 г. полученные результаты сопоставлены с данными международной литературы.</p><p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В исследовании проанализированы 92 случая ОЛ у детей в возрасте от 5 мес до 17 лет. у 75 пациентов имел место острый лимфобластный лейкоз (ОЛЛ), у 17 – острый миелобластный лейкоз (ОМЛ). у 1 (1,3 %) пациента с ОЛЛ и у 5 (29,4 %) с ОМЛ сопутствующим диагнозом был синдром Дауна. В дебюте ОЛ у 34 (36,9 %) пациентов было диагностировано течение инфекции, из них у 27 (36 %) и 7 (41,2 %) пациентов с ОЛЛ и ОМЛ соответственно. В обеих когортах преобладали фебрильная нейтропения (55,5 %; n = 15 против 14,3 %; n = 1), пневмония (25,9 %; n = 7 против 71,4 %; n = 5), энтероколит (7,4 %; n = 2 против 14,3 %; n = 1) при ОМЛ и ОЛЛ соответственно. Ввиду отсутствия контроля над инфекцией у 5 (29,4 %) пациентов с ОМЛ и у 13 (17,3 %) с ОЛЛ ИхТ была отложена до стабилизации состояния и достижения контроля над инфекцией. В периоде ИхТ частота инфекционных осложнений составила 81,3 % (n = 61) и 100 % (n = 17) у пациентов с ОЛЛ и ОМЛ соответственно. Доминировали энтероколит (41,2 %; n = 7 против 34,4 %; n = 21), фебрильная нейтропения (29,4 %; n = 5 против 37,7 %; n = 23), пневмония (47,1 %; n = 8 против 29,5 %; n = 18), катетер-ассоциированная инфекция кровотока (11,8 %; n = 2 против 8,2 %; n = 4) при ОМЛ и ОЛЛ соответственно. по этиологии преобладали бактериальные инфекции, составляя в группах ОМЛ и ОЛЛ 32 % (n = 8) и 36,8 % (n = 35) соответственно. у пациентов с ОМЛ было зарегистрировано большее число случаев инвазивных микозов – 23,5 % (n = 4) против 14,8 % (n = 11). Неинфекционные осложнения были диагностированы у 32,6 % (n = 30) пациентов с преобладанием в группе ОЛЛ (34,6 %; n = 26 против 23,5 %; n = 4). гиперлейкоцитоз в дебюте лейкоза обусловливал развитие таких осложнений, как лейкостаз (11,8 %; n = 2) и синдром острого лизиса опухоли (11,8 %; n = 2). Наиболее частыми постцитостатическими осложнениями при ОЛЛ были винкристиновая полинейропатия (61,5 %; n = 16), геморрагический синдром (15,4 %; n = 4), метотрексат-индуцированная энцефалопатия (15,4 %; n = 4), синдром острого лизиса опухоли (11,5 %; n = 3). В случаях ОМЛ самым частым вариантом неинфекционных осложнений были геморрагические (75 %; n = 3). Индукционная летальность в группе ОЛЛ составила 2,6 % (n = 2), в группе пациентов с ОМЛ показатель был выше – 11,8 % (n = 2), однако следует отметить, что все случаи смерти зарегистрированы у детей с синдромом Дауна. Основной причиной летальности в обеих группах были тяжелые инфекционные осложнения на фоне химиоиндуцированной аплазии кроветворения. Летальных исходов, ассоциированных с неинфекционными осложнениями, а также с химиоиндуцированной токсичностью, не зарегистрировано.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Основным вариантом токсичности у детей в дебюте ОЛ и в период ИхТ остаются инфекционные осложнения различной этиологии, при этом у пациентов с ОМЛ регистрируется большая частота инвазивных микозов (23,5 % против 14,8 %). Несмотря на высокую частоту химиоиндуцированной токсичности, показатель летальности при ОЛЛ остается низким, составив в нашей когорте 2,6 %. В группе ОМЛ он был выше – 11,8 %, но следует отметить, что все случаи имели место у пациентов с синдромом Дауна. Ни в одной из исследуемых когорт смертей вследствие осложнений неинфекционной природы не зарегистрировано.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>induction mortality</kwd><kwd>acute leukemia</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>infectious complication</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индукционная летальность</kwd><kwd>острый лейкоз</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>инфекционное осложнение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hafez H.A., Soliaman R.M., Bilal D. et al. Early deaths in pediatric acute leukemia: a major challenge in developing countries. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019;41(4):261–6. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Park H.J., Moon E.K., Yoon J.Y. et al. Incidence and survival of childhood cancer in Korea. 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