<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">842</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2023-18-3-102-114</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BASIC RESEARCH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic landscape of acute myeloid leukemias with leukocytosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетический ландшафт острых миелоидных лейкозов, протекающих с лейкоцитозом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0345-6105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pekhova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пехова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kseniya Alekseevna Pekhova</p><p>Faculty of Fundamental Medicine</p><p>119991</p><p>Build. 1, 27 Lomonosovskiy Prospekt</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>факультет фундаментальной медицины</p><p>Ксения Алексеевна Пехова</p><p>119991</p><p>Ломоносовский пр-кт, 27, корп. 1</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>k.baranova1999@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-0084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидорова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-9968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Severina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Северина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7323-3639</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glinshchikova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глинщикова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-246X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fevraleva</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Февралева</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-3334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Biderman</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бидерман</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-598X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chabaeva</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чабаева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6288-7570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-2242</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Luk’yanova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-8929</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashlakova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашлакова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-652X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhova</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-0796</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvirnyk</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Двирнык</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-9187</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudarikov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судариков</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>125167</p><p>4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125167</p><p>Новый Зыковский пр-д, 4</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/842">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/842</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Tumor cell proliferation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may manifest with high leukocyte counts. In our work, we evaluate the association of high leukocyte counts with individual mutations, as well as their total contribution to the development of leukocytosis in AML. The results obtained should improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms leading to the leukocytosis in AML.</p><p><bold>Aim. </bold>To study the genetic landscape of AML with leukocytosis.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The laboratory data of 214 AML patients admitted to the National Medical Research Center for Hematology (Moscow) from 2010 to 2022 were retrospectively examined. Real-time PCR, capillary electrophoresis and NGS (next generation sequencing) methods were used to detect mutations of <italic>FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, TET2</italic> genes, and <italic>CBFB::MYH11, RUNX1::RUNX1T1</italic> chimeric gene transcripts.</p><p><bold>Results. </bold>Mutations of the <italic>FLT3</italic> gene (odds ratio 5.45; p &lt; 0.0001), inv(16)/<italic>CBFB::MYH11</italic> (odds ratio 10.03; p = 0.0009) are most associated with leukocyte counts higher than 30 × 10<sup>9</sup> / L in the debut of AML. Translocation t(8;21)<italic>/RUNX1::RUNX1T1</italic> and adverse cytogenetic aberrations, such as -5/del(5q); -7 / del(7q); -17 / abn(17p), complex and monosomic karyotype were significantly associated with leukocyte counts lower than 30 × 10<sup>9</sup> / L at the time of disease manifestation (p &lt; 0.0001). In the group of patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk bearing only <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A</italic>, and <italic>TET2</italic> gene mutations, leukocyte counts at AML debut were significantly lower, whereas the most pronounced leukocytosis was observed in patients with a combination of driver mutations with <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A</italic>, and <italic>TET</italic>2 gene mutations or <italic>FLT3, NPM1</italic>, and <italic>CEBPA</italic> gene mutations.</p><p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>In addition to the individual effect of certain genetic lesions and cytogenetic aberrations on the proliferative potential of tumor cells, there is a total contribution of various types of genetic events to the development of leukocytosis in AML. High leukocyte counts at the time of AML manifestation in patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk can serve as an indirect marker of the presence of a large number of genetic aberrations with a combination of <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A</italic>, and <italic>TET2</italic> gene mutations or <italic>FLT3, NPM1</italic>, and <italic>CEBPA</italic> gene mutations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Одно из проявлений пролиферации опухолевых клеток при остром миелоидном лейкозе (ОМЛ) – лейкоцитоз. В работе мы оцениваем ассоциацию отдельных мутаций с лейкоцитозом, а также их суммарный вклад в развитие лейкоцитоза при ОМЛ. Полученные результаты помогут лучше понять патогенетический механизм развития лейкоцитоза при ОМЛ.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – изучить генетический ландшафт ОМЛ, протекающих с лейкоцитозом.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Ретроспективно были исследованы лабораторные данные 214 пациентов с ОМЛ, наблюдавшихся в НМИЦ гематологии (Москва) с 2010 по 2022 гг. Для выявления мутаций генов <italic>FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, TET2</italic>, химерных транскриптов <italic>CBFB::MYH11</italic> и <italic>RUNX1::RUNX1T1</italic> использовали полимеразную цепную реакцию в реальном времени, капиллярный электрофорез и секвенирование нового поколения (next generation sequencing, NGS).</p><p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Мутации гена <italic>FLT3</italic> (отношение шансов 5,45; p &lt; 0,0001), inv(16) / <italic>CBFB::MYH11</italic> (отношение шансов 10,03; p = 0,0009) в наибольшей степени ассоциированы с лейкоцитозом &gt;30 × 10<sup>9</sup> / л в дебюте ОМЛ. Транслокация t(8;21) / <italic>RUNX1::RUNX1T1</italic> и неблагоприятные цитогенетические нарушения, такие как -5 / del(5q), -7 / del(7q), -17/abn(17p), комплексный и моносомный кариотип, статистически значимо ассоциированы с количеством лейкоцитов &lt; 30 × 10<sup>9</sup> / л на момент манифестации заболевания (p &lt; 0,0001). У пациентов группы промежуточного цитогенетического риска только с мутациями генов эпигенетических факторов <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A</italic> и <italic>TET2</italic> было статистически значимо ниже количество лейкоцитов в дебюте ОМЛ, тогда как наиболее выраженные лейкоцитозы наблюдались у пациентов, имеющих сочетание драйверных мутаций, мутаций генов эпигенетических факторов <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A, TET2</italic> и мутаций <italic>FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA</italic>.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Помимо различного влияния отдельных генетических и цитогенетических нарушений на пролиферативный потенциал опухолевых клеток существует суммарный вклад разного типа генетических событий в развитие лейкоцитоза при ОМЛ. Высокие уровни лейкоцитов на момент манифестации ОМЛ у пациентов с промежуточным цитогенетическим риском могут служить косвенным маркером наличия большого количества генетических аберраций и сочетания мутаций генов эпигенетических факторов <italic>IDH1/2, DNMT3A, TET2</italic> и мутаций <italic>FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>leukocytosis</kwd><kwd>mutational profile</kwd><kwd>mutations of epigenetic factors</kwd><kwd>chimeric transcripts</kwd><kwd><italic>FLT3</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>NPM1</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>CEBPA</italic></kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый миелоидный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>лейкоцитоз</kwd><kwd>мутационный профиль</kwd><kwd>мутации эпигенетических факторов</kwd><kwd>химерный транскрипт</kwd><kwd><italic>FLT3</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>NPM1</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>CEBPA</italic></kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical recommendations. Acute myeloid leukemia. Adult. 2020. Available at: https://oncology-association.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ostrye_mieloidnye_lejkozy.pdf. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации. Острые миелоидные лейкозы. Взрослые. 2020. Доступно по: https://oncology-association.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ostrye_mieloidnye_lejkozy.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Khoury J.D., Solary E., Abla O. et al. The 5<sup>th</sup> edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia 2022;36(7):1703–19. DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01613-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Döhner H., Estey E., Grimwade D. et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood 2017;129(4):424–47. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-733196</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Grimwade D., Hills R.K., Moorman A.V. et al. Refinement of cytogenetic classification in acute myeloid leukemia: determination of prognostic significance of rare recurring chromosomal among 5876 younger adult patients treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council trials. Blood 2010;116(3):354–65. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-254441</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Grimwade D., Walker H., Harrison G. et al. The predictive value of hierarchical cytogenetic classification in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): analysis of 1065 patients entered into the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood 2001;98(5):1312–20. DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.5.1312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemirovchenko V.S., Shervashidze M.A., Valiev T.T., Kondratchik K.L. Treatment results of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with epigenetic drugs addition. Onkogematologiya = Oncohematology 2020;15(2):19–28. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2020-15-2-19-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Немировченко В.С., Шервашидзе М.А., Валиев Т.Т., Кондратчик К.Л. Результаты лечения острого миелоидного лейкоза у детей с включением эпигенетических препаратов. Онкогематология 2020;15(2):19–28. DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2020-15-2-19-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kottaridis P.D., Gale R.E., Frew M.E. et al. The presence of a FLT3-internal tandem duplication in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) adds important prognostic information to cytogenetic risk group and response to the first cycle of chemotherapy: analysis of 854 patients from the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML 10 and 12 trials. Blood 2001;98(6):1752–9. DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1752</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Thiede C., Steudel C., Mohr B. et al. Analysis of FLT3-activating mutations in 979 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: association with FAB subtypes and identification of subgroups with poor prognosis. Blood 2002;99(12):4326–35. DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.12.4326</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fröhling S., Schlenk R.F., Breitruck J. et al. Prognostic significance of activating FLT3 mutations in younger adults (16 to 60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the AML Study Group Ulm. Blood 2002;100(13):4372–80. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Pratcorona M., Brunet S., Nomdedéu J. et al. Favorable outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia harboring a low-allelic burden FLT3-ITD mutation and concomitant NPM1 mutation: relevance to postremission therapy. Blood 2013;121(14):2734–8. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-431122</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Schlenk R.F., Kayser S., Bullinger L. et al. Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Blood 2014;124(23):3441–9. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-578070</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Linch D.C., Hills R.K., Burnett A.K. et al. Impact of FLT3(ITD) mutant allele level on relapse risk in intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2014;124(2):273–6. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-554667</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gale R.E., Green C., Allen C. et al. The impact of FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutant level, number, size, and interaction with NPM1 mutations in a large cohort of young adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008;111(5):2776–84. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-109090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Döhner K., Thiede C., Jahn N. et al. Impact of NPM1/FLT3-ITD genotypes defined by the 2017 European LeukemiaNet in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2020;135(5):371–80. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002697</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Döhner H., Wei A.H., Appelbaum F.R. et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 recommendations from an international expert panel on behalf of the ELN. Blood 2022;140(12):1345–77. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016867</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2013;368(22):2059–74. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301689</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bullinger L., Döhner K., Döhner H. Genomics of acute myeloid leukemia diagnosis and pathways. J Clin Oncol 2017;35(9):934–46. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.2208</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kelly L.M., Gilliland D.G. Genetics of myeloid leukemias. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2002;3:179–98. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.3.032802.115046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Panuzzo C., Signorino E., Calabrese C. et al. Landscape of tumor suppressor mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Med 2020;9(3):802. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030802</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lagunas-Rangel F.A., Chávez-Valencia V., Gómez-Guijosa M.Á., Cortes-Penagos C. Acute myeloid leukemia-genetic alterations and their clinical prognosis. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2017;11(4):328–39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Block M., Jacobson L.O., Bethard W.F. Preleukemic acute human leukemia. J Am Med Assoc 1953;152:1018–28. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1953.03690110032010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Medinger M., Passweg J.R. Acute myeloid leukaemia genomics. Br J Haematol 2017;179(4):530–42. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14823</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Koeffler H.P., Leong G. Preleukemia: one name, many meanings. Leukemia 2017;31(3):534–42. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.364</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bowman R.L., Busque L., Levine R.L. Clonal hematopoiesis and evolution to hematopoietic malignancies. Cell Stem Cell 2018;22(2):157–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.01.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Vergez F., Largeaud L., Bertoli S. et al. Phenotypically-defined stages of leukemia arrest predict main driver mutations subgroups, and outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2022;12(8):117. DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00712-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kishtagari A., Levine R.L., Viny A.D. Driver mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol 2020;27(2):49–57. DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Genovese G., Kähler A.K., Handsaker R.E. et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. N Engl J Med 2014;371(26):2477–87. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1409405</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troitskaya V.V., Parovichnikova E.N., Sokolov A.N. et al. Treatment of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia with hyperleukocytosis at the onset of the disease. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive 2015;87(7):33–40. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201587733-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Троицкая В.В., Паровичникова Е.Н., Соколов А.Н. и др. Лечение взрослых больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами с гиперлейкоцитозом в дебюте заболевания. Терапевтический архив 2015;87(7):33–40. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201587733-40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Bewersdorf J.P., Zeidan A.M. Hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis in acute myeloid leukemia: can a better understanding of the underlying molecular pathophysiology lead to novel treatments? Cells 2020;9(10):2310. DOI: 10.3390/cells9102310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Stahl M., Shallis R.M., Wei W. et al. Management of hyperleukocytosis and impact of leukapheresis among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on short- and long-term clinical outcomes: a large, retrospective, multicenter, international study. Leukemia 2020;34(12):3149–60. DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0783-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Greenwood M.J., Seftel M.D., Richardson C. et al. Leukocyte count as a predictor of death during remission induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47(7):1245–52. DOI: 10.1080/10428190600572673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Marcucci G., Mrózek K., Ruppert A.S. et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with t(8;21) differ from those of patients with inv(16): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(24):5705–17. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.15.610</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Tien F.M., Hou H.A., Tsai C.H. et al. Hyperleukocytosis is associated with distinct genetic alterations and is an independent poorrisk factor in de novo acute myeloid leukemia patients. Eur J Haematol 2018;101(1):86–94. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13073</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Rollig C., Ehninger G. How I treat hyperleukocytosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2015;125(21):3246–52. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-551507</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Dutcher J.P., Schiffer C.A., Wiernik P.H. Hyperleukocytosis in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: impact on remission rate and duration, and survival. J Clin Oncol 1987;5(9):1364–72. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.1987.5.9.1364</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>De Jonge H.J., Valk P.J., De Bont E.S. et al. Prognostic impact of white blood cell count in intermediate risk acute myeloid leukemia: relevance of mutated NPM1 and FLT3-ITD. Haematologica 2011;96(9):1310–7. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.040592</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Lin L.I., Lin T.C., Chou W.C. et al. A novel fluorescence-based multiplex PCR assay for rapid simultaneous detection of CEBPA mutations and NPM mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemias. Leukemia 2006;20(10):1899–903. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Nakao M., Yokota S., Iwai T. et al. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene found in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1996;10(12):1911–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Scholl S., Mügge L.O., Landt O. et al. Rapid screening and sensitive detection of NPM1 (nucleophosmin) exon 12 mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leuk Res 2007;31(9):1205–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.12.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Gabert J., Beillard E., van der Velden V.H. et al. Standardization and quality control studies of ‘real-time’ quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia – a Europe Against Cancer program. Leukemia 2003;17(12):2318–57. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403135</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashlakova A.I., Parovichnikova E.N., Biderman B.V. et al. Nextgeneration sequencing-based molecular genetic profiling in adults with acute myeloid leukaemia. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya = Russian Journal of Hematology and Transfusiology 2020;65(4):444–59. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.35754/0234-5730-2020-65-4-444-459</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашлакова А.И., Паровичникова Е.Н., Бидерман Б.В. и др. Определение молекулярно-генетического профиля у взрослых больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами методом секвенирования нового поколения. Гематология и трансфузиология 2020;65(4):444–59. DOI: 10.35754/0234-5730-2020-65-4-444-459</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>ISCN 2016: An International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature. Eds.: J. McGowan-Jordan, A. Simons, M. Schmid. B.: Karger Publishers, 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>ISCN 2020: An International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature. Eds.: J. McGowan-Jordan, R.J. Hastings, S. Moore. B.: Karger Publishers, 2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Bezerra M.F., Lima A.S., Piqué-Borràs M.R. et al. Co-occurrence of DNMT3A, NPM1, FLT3 mutations identifies a subset of acute myeloid leukemia with adverse prognosis. Blood 2020;135(11):870–5. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003339</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Wakita S., Marumo A., Morita K. et al. Mutational analysis of DNMT3A improves the prognostic stratification of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2023;114(4):1297–308. DOI: 10.1111/cas.15720</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Corces-Zimmerman M.R., Hong W.J., Weissman I.L. Preleukemic mutations in human acute myeloid leukemia affect epigenetic regulators and persist in remission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(7):2548–53. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324297111</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Thol F., Klesse S., Köhler L. et al. Acute myeloid leukemia derived from lympho-myeloid clonal hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2017;31(6):1286–95. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.345</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Corces M.R., Chang H.Y., Majeti R. Preleukemic hematopoietic stem cells in human acute myeloid leukemia. Front Oncol 2017;7:263. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00263</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
