<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">585</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2022-17-4-16-32</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: TREATMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ГЕМОБЛАСТОЗОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: literature review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гистиоцитоз из клеток Лангерганса у взрослых: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2985-0503</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Potapenko</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потапенко</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3 Prospekt Dinamo, Saint Petersburg 197110</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197110 Санкт-Петербург, пр-кт Динамо, 3</p></bio><email>potapenko.vsevolod@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-5091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baykov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6–8 L’va Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-0192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinchenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинченко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6–8 L’va Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Potikhonova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потихонова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16 2nd Sovetskaya St., Saint Petersburg 191024</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191024 Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 31</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница № 31»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/585">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/585</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Langerhans cells histiocytosis is a variant of malignant histiocytosis. The course and symptoms vary. patients with localized forms have a better prognosis, because local therapy is effective. patients with multifocal forms of histiocytosis receive systemic drug therapy, which cures some of the patients. This review provides up-to-date data about typical presentation of the organ involvement, diagnosis, course and therapy of various forms of Langerhans cells histiocytosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гистиоцитоз из клеток лангерганса относится к клональным заболеваниям системы крови. Течение и симптомы варьируют. прогноз у пациентов с локализованными формами лучше, так как эффективна местная терапия. пациенты с многоочаговыми формами гистиоцитоза получают системную терапию, которая позволяет вылечить часть больных. В обзоре приведены современные данные о характере поражения различных органов, диагностике, течении и терапии гистиоцитоза из клеток лангерганса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Langerhans cell histiocytosis</kwd><kwd>pneumothorax</kwd><kwd>diabetes insipidus</kwd><kwd>cladribine</kwd><kwd>vemurafenib</kwd><kwd>cobimetinib</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>MEK</kwd><kwd>MAPK</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гистиоцитоз из клеток лангерганса</kwd><kwd>пневмоторакс</kwd><kwd>несахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>кладрибин</kwd><kwd>вемурафениб</kwd><kwd>кобиметиниб</kwd><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>MEK</kwd><kwd>MAPK</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pileri S.A., Grogan T.M., Harris N.L. et al. Tumours of histiocytes and accessory dendritic cells: an immunohistochemical approach to classification from the International Lymphoma Study Group based on 61 cases. Histopathology 2002;41(1):1–29. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365­2559.2002.01418.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Howarth D.M., Gilchrist G.S., Mullan B.P. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: diagnosis, natural history, management, and outcome. Cancer 1999;(85):2278–90. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097­0142(19990515)85:10&lt;2278::aid­cncr25&gt;3.0.co;2­u</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Goyal G., Shah M.V., Hook C.C. et al. Adult disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis: incidence, racial disparities and longterm outcomes. Br J Haematol 2018;182(4):579–81. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14818</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Campo E., Harris N.L., Pileri S.A. et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov V.L. Private human histology (short review course). Saint Petersburg, 2011. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков В.Л. Частная гистология человека (краткий обзорный курс). СПб., 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Golub R., Cumano A. Embryonic hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013;51(4):226–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Van de Laar L., Saelens W., De Prijck S. et al. Yolk sac macrophages, fetal liver, and adult monocytes can colonize an empty niche and develop into functional tissue­resident macrophages. Immunity 2016;44(4):755–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Collin M., Milne P. Langerhans cell origin and regulation. Curr Opin Hematol 2016;23(1):28–35. DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000202</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Langerhans P. Über die Nerven der menschlichen Haut. Arch Abl B Pathol 1868;44:325–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Churilov L.P. Death on the rise, or Who are you, Dr. Taratynov? Zdorov’e – osnova chelovecheskogo potentsiala: problemy i puti ikh resheniya = Health is the Basis of Human Potential: Problems and Ways to Solve them 2014;9(2):919–29. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чурилов Л.П. Смерть на взлете, или Кто вы, доктор Таратынов? Здоровье – основа человеческого потенциала: проблемы и пути их решения 2014;9(2):919–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Coppes­Zantinga A., Egeler R.M. The Langerhans cell histiocytosis X files revealed. Br J Haematol 2002;116(1):3–9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365­2141.2002.03232.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Diamond E.L., Durham B.H., Haroche J. et al. Diverse and targetable kinase alterations drive histiocytic neoplasms. Cancer Discov 2016;6(2):154–65. DOI: 10.1158/2159­8290.CD­15­0913</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Haroche J., Charlotte F., Arnaud L. et al. High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim–Chester disease but not in other non­Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Blood 2012;120(13):2700–3. DOI: 10.1182/blood­2012­05­430140</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Badalian­Very G., Vergilio J.A., Degar B.A. et al. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2010;116(11):1919–23. DOI: 10.1182/blood­2010­04­279083</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Roden A.C., Hu X., Kip S. et al. BRAF V600E expression in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical and immunohistochemical study on 25 pulmonary and 54 extrapulmonary cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38(4):548–51. DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Go H., Jeon Y.K., Huh J. et al. Frequent detection of BRAF(V600E) mutations in histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms. Histopathology 2014;65(2):261–72. DOI: 10.1111/his.12416</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Héritier S., Emile J.F., Barkaoui M.A. et al. BRAF mutation correlates with high­risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis and increased resistance to first­line therapy. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(25):3023–30. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.9508</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Medeiros L.J., Miranda R.N. Diagnostic pathology: lymph nodes and extranodal lymphomas e­book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Grace S.A., Sutton A.M., Armbrecht E.S. et al. p53 is a helpful marker in distinguishing Langerhans cell histiocytosis from Langerhans cell hyperplasia. Am J Dermatopathol 2017;39(10):726–30. DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000778</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Chatterjee D., Vishwajeet V., Saikia U.N. et al. Is useful to differentiate Langerhans cell histiocytosis from reactive Langerhans cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2019;41(3):188–92. DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000001250</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Emile J.F., Abla O., Fraitag S. et al. Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage­dendritic cell lineages. Blood 2016;127(22):2672–81. DOI: 10.1182/ blood­2016­01­690636</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Aricò M., Girschikofsky M., Généreau T. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults. Report from the International Registry of the Histiocyte Society. Eur J Cancer 2003;39(16):2341–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0959­8049(03)00672­5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapenko V.G., Klimovich A.V., Evseev D.A. et al. Structure and clinical manifestations of malignant histiocytosis in adults. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya = Hematology and Transfusiology 2022;67(S1):186. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапенко В.Г., Климович А.В., Евсеев Д.А. и др. Структура и клинические проявления злокачественных гистиоцитозов у взрослых. Гематология и трансфузиология 2022;67(S1):186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Tazi A., Marc K., Dominique S. et al. Serial CT and lung function testing in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Eur Respir J 2012;40(4):905–12. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00210711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Colby T.V., Lombard C. Histiocytosis X in the lung. Hum Pathol 1983;14(10):847–56. DOI: 10.1016/s0046­8177(83)80160­9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amosov V.V. Early radiation diagnosis and monitoring of patients with pulmonary histiocytosis. Dis. … candidate of medical sciences. Moscow, 2017. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амосов В.В. Ранняя лучевая диагностика и мониторинг больных гистиоцитозом легких. Дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wei P., Lu H.W., Jiang S. et al. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: case series and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(23):e141. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000141</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Von Essen S., West W., Sitorius M. et al. Complete resolution of roentgenographic changes in a patient with pulmonary histiocytosis X. Chest 1990;98(3):765–7. DOI: 10.1378/chest.98.3.765</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Delobbe A., Durieu J., Duhamel A. et al. Determinants of survival in pulmonary Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis (histiocytosis X). Groupe d’Etude en Pathologie Interstitielle de la Société de Pathologie Thoracique du Nord. Eur Respir J 1996;9(10):2002–6. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.96.09102002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mogulkoc N., Veral A., Bishop P.W. et al. Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: radiologic resolution following smoking cessation. Chest 1999;115(5):1452–5. DOI: 10.1378/chest.115.5.1452</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sawalha L., Kumar A., Arshad A. et al. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: radiologic resolution following cessation of second hand smoking. Clin Respir J 2017;11(6):1063–7. DOI: 10.1111/crj.12445</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Vassallo R., Harari S., Tazi A. Current understanding and management of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Thorax 2017;72(10):937–45. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl­2017­210125</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Liu H., Osterburg A.R., Flury J. et al. MAPK mutations and cigarette smoke promote the pathogenesis of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. JCI Insight 2020;5(4):e13204. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Mendez J.L., Nadrous H.F., Vassallo R. et al. Pneumothorax in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Chest 2004;125(3):1028–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.3.1028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mason R.H., Foley N.M., Branley H.M. et al. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH): a new UK register. Thorax 2014;69(8):766–7. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl­2013­204313</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Tadokoro A., Ishii T., Bandoh S. et al. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a non­smoking Japanese woman. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2011;49(3):203–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Fernandes L., Vadala R., Mesquita A.M. et al. Rare interstitial lung disease: pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a young non smoking Indian female. Indian J Tuberc 2015;62(1):46–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.02.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Marchal J., Kambouchner M., Tazi A. et al. Expression of apoptosis­regulatory proteins in lesions of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Histopathology 2004;45(1):20–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365­2559.2004.01875.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hogstad B., Berres M.L., Chakraborty R. et al. RAF/MEK/ extracellular signal­related kinase pathway suppresses dendritic cell migration and traps dendritic cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesions. J Exp Med 2018;215(1):319–36. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161881</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samsonova M.V., Chernyaev A.L., Avdeev S.N. et al. Relapse of Langerhans cell histiocytosis after lung transplantation. Prakticheskaya pul’monologiya = Practical Pulmonology 2018;(4):81–5. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самсонова М.В., Черняев А.Л., Авдеев С.Н. и др. Рецидив лангергансоклеточного гистиоцитоза после трансплантации легких. Практическая пульмонология 2018;(4):81–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Dauriat G., Mal H., Thabut G. et al. Lung transplantation for pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: a multicenter analysis. Transplantation 2006;81(5):746–50. DOI: 10.1097/01. tp.0000200304.64613.af</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Housini I., Tomashefski J.F.Jr, Cohen A. et al. Transbronchial biopsy in patients with pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma. Comparison with findings on open lung biopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994;118(5):523–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Auerswald U., Barth J., Magnussen H. Value of CD­1­positive cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis X. Lung 1991;169(6):305–9. DOI: 10.1007/ BF02714167</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Girschikofsky M., Arico M., Castillo D. et al. Management of adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of Euro­Histio­Net. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013;(8):72. DOI: 10.1186/1750­1172­8­72</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Casolaro M.A., Bernaudin J.F., Saltini C. et al. Accumulation of Langerhans’cells on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract in normal subjects in association with cigarette smoking. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137(2):406–11. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.2.406</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Radzikowska E., Błasińska­Przerwa K., Wiatr E. et al. Pneumothorax in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Lung 2018;196(6):715–20. DOI: 10.1007/s00408­018­0155­1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Singla A., Kopras E.J., Gupta N. Spontaneous pneumothorax and air travel in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a patient survey. Respir Investig 2019;57(6):582–9. DOI: 10.1016/j. resinv.2019.07.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chaowalit N., Pellikka P.A., Decker P.A. et al. Echocardiographic and clinical characteristics of pulmonary hypertension complicating pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79(10):1269–75. DOI: 10.4065/79.10.1269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Wajda N., Zhu Z., Jandarov R. et al. Clinical outcomes and survival following lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Respirology 2020;25(6):644–50. DOI: 10.1111/resp.13671</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Singh A., Prieto V.G., Czelusta A. et al. Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis limited to the skin. Dermatology 2003;207(2):157–61. DOI: 10.1159/000071786</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Caputo R., Gianotti R., Monti M. Nodular “pure” mucocutaneous histiocytosis X in an adult. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(10):1274–5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Chi D.H., Sung K.J., Koh J.K. Eruptive xanthoma­like cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(4):688–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0190­9622(96)80088­0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Lieberman P.H., Jones C.R., Steinman R.M. et al. Langerhans cell (eosinophilic) granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study encompassing 50 years. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20(5):519–52. DOI: 10.1097/00000478­199605000­00001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusupova L.A., Yunusova E.I., Garaeva Z.Sh. et al. Histiocytosis X. Prakticheskaya meditsina = Practical Medicine 2014;8(84):7–10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юсупова Л.А., Юнусова Е.И., Гараева З.Ш. и др. Гистиоцитоз X. Практическая медицина 2014;8(84):7–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Lichtenwald D.J., Jakubovic H.R., Rosenthal D. Primary cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult. Arch Dermatol 1991;127(10):1545–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Hashimoto K., Kagetsu N., Taniguchi Y. et al. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in Langerhans cell histiocytosis confined to the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25(6 Pt 1): 1044–53. DOI: 10.1016/0190­9622(91)70305­l</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunst M.A., Akhmerov S.F., Badeeva M.Yu. et al. A case of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X). Prakticheskaya meditsina = Practical Medicine 2011;(55):195–7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кунст М.А., Ахмеров С.Ф., Бадеева М.Ю. и др. Случай кожной формы лангергансоклеточного гистиоцитоза (гистиоцитоза Х). Практическая медицина 2011;(55):195–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Reisi N., Raeissi P., Harati Khalilabad T. et al. Unusual sites of bone involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a systematic review of the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021;16(1):1. DOI: 10.1186/s13023­020­01625­z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Salam H., Shahid R., Mirza T. Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving both jaws in an adult. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017;27(9):S89–91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Saunders J.G., Eveson J.W., Addy M. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as bilateral eosinophilic granulomata in the molar region of the mandible. A case report. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25(4):340–2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600­051x.1998.tb02451.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Peters S.M., Pastagia J., Yoon A.J. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis mimicking periapical pathology in a 39­year­old man. J Endod 2017;43(11):1909–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Nangalia R., Chatterjee R.P., Kundu S. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult with oral cavity involvement: posing a diagnostic challenge. Contemp Clin Dent 2019;10(1):154–7. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_432_18</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Eckardt A., Schultze A. Maxillofacial manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinical and therapeutic analysis of 10 patients. Oral Oncol 2003;39(7):687–94. DOI: 10.1016/s13688375(03)00080­0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Kim J.E., Yi W.J., Heo M.S. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the jaw, a mimicker of osteomyelitis on CT and MR images: a retrospective analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(27):e16331. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diab A., Daihes N.A., Saidulaev V.A. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the temporal bones: a clinical case. Vrach = The Doctor 2022;(1):78–80. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.29296/25877305­2022­01­13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диаб А., Дайхес Н.А., Сайдулаев В.А. и др. Гистиоцитоз из клеток Лангерганса височных костей: клинический случай. Врач 2022;(1):78–80. DOI: 10.29296/25877305­2022­01­13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Dogan A.S., Conway J.J., Miller J.H. et al. Detection of bone lesions in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: complementary roles of scintigraphy and conventional radiography. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996;18(1):51–8. DOI: 10.1097/00043426­199602000­00010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Goo H.W., Yang D.H., Ra Y.S. et al. Whole­body MRI of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: comparison with radiography and bone scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36(10):1019–31. DOI: 10.1007/s00247­006­0246­7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Kim J.R., Yoon H.M., Jung A.Y. et al. Comparison of whole­body MRI, bone scan, and radiographic skeletal survey for lesion detection and risk stratification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Sci Rep 2019;9(1):317. DOI: 10.1038/s41598­018­36501­1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Jessop S., Crudgington D., London K. et al. FDG PET­CT in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020;67(1):e28034. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrell J., Sharp S., Kumar A. et al. Discrepancies between F­18­FDG PET/CT findings and conventional imaging in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68(4):e28891. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Mayer S., Raggio B.S., Master A. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the temporal bone. Ochsner J 2020;20(3):315–8. DOI: 10.31486/ toj.19.0032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Coleman M.A., Matsumoto J., Carr C.M. et al. Bilateral temporal bone langerhans cell histiocytosis: radiologic pearls. Open Neuroimag J 2013;7:53–7. DOI: 10.2174/1874440001307010053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Modest M.C., Garcia J.J., Arndt C.S. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the temporal bone: a review of 29 cases at a single center. Laryngoscope 2016;126(8):1899–904. DOI: 10.1002/lary.25773</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Key S.J., O’Brien C.J., Silvester K.C. et al. Eosinophilic granuloma: resolution of maxillofacial bony lesions following minimal intervention. Report of three cases and a review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2004;32(3):170–5. DOI: 10.1016/j. jcms.2004.01.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Vaish A., Vaishya R., Singh L.K. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of a metatarsal bone in an adult female. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12(10):e231343. DOI: 10.1136/bcr­2019­231343</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Miller M.A., Williams W.W. Eosinophilic granuloma of the hand. J Hand Surg Br 1993;18(6):742–5. DOI: 10.1016/02667681(93)90234­7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Rimondi E., Mavrogenis A.F., Rossi G. et al. CT­guided corticosteroid injection for solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the spine. Skeletal Radiol 2011;40(6):757–64. DOI: 10.1007/s00256010­1045­7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Mavrogenis A.F., Rimondi E., Ussia G. et al. Successful treatment of a bifocal eosinophilic granuloma of the spine with CT­guided corticosteroid injection. Orthopedics 2011;34(3):230. DOI: 10.3928/01477447­20110124­29</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Esen A., Dolanmaz D., Kalayci A. et al. Treatment of localized Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis of the mandible with intralesional steroid injection: report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109(2):e53–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.10.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Kotecha R., Venkatramani R., Jubran R.F. et al. Clinical outcomes of radiation therapy in the management of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Clin Oncol 2014;37(6):592–6. DOI: 10.1097/ COC.0b013e318281d6ce</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latyshev V.D., Lukina E.A. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: modern possibilities of therapy. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya = Clinical Oncohematology 2021;14(4):444–54. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21320/2500­2139­2021­14­4­444­45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Латышев В.Д., Лукина Е.А. Гистиоцитоз из клеток Лангерганса у взрослых: современные возможности терапии. Клиническая онкогематология 2021;14(4):444–54. DOI: 10.21320/2500­21392021­14­4­444­45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Laird J., Ma J., Chau K. et al. Outcome after radiation therapy for langerhans cell histiocytosis is dependent on site of involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018;100(3):670–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.10.053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Grois N., Fahrner B., Arceci R.J. et al. Histiocyte Society CNS LCH Study Group. Central nervous system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr 2010;156(6):873–81.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j. jpeds.2010.03.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>A multicentre retrospective survey of Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: 348 cases observed between 1983 and 1993. The French Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis Study Group. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(1):17–24. DOI: 10.1136/adc.75.1.17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Dhall G., Finlay J.L., Dunkel I.J. et al. Analysis of outcome for patients with mass lesions of the central nervous system due to Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated with 2­chlorodeoxyadenosine. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50(1):72–9. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21225</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukina L.V., Mikhailov V.A., Anan’eva N.I. et al. A case of fixation amnesia in histiocytosis from Langerhans cells with damage to the central nervous system. Nevrologiya, neyropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2020;12(6):117–23. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14412/2074­2711­2020­6­117­123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукина Л.В., Михайлов В.А., Ананьева Н.И. и др. Случай фиксационной амнезии при гистиоцитозе из клеток Лангерганса с поражением центральной нервной системы. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика 2020;12(6):117–23. DOI: 10.14412/2074­2711­2020­6­117­123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Rumboldt Z., Rossi A. Neurodegenerative Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (ND­LCH). In: Brain Imaging with MRI and CT: An Image Pattern Approach. Eds.: Z. Rumboldt, M. Castillo, B. Huang et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. 71–72. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139030854.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Wnorowski M., Prosch H., Prayer D. et al. Pattern and course of neurodegeneration in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr 2008;153(1):127–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.12.042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latyshev V.D., Chavynchak R.B., Kovrigina A.M. et al. Histiocytosis – timing of diagnosis and demographic characteristics of patients, the experience of the Hematology Research Institute. Materials of the V Congress of Hematologists of Russia. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya = Hematology and Transfusiology 2020;65:164 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Латышев В.Д., Чавынчак Р.Б., Ковригина А.М. и др. Гистиоцитозы – сроки диагностики и демографические характеристики пациентов, опыт НМИЦ гематологии. Материалы V конгресса гематологов России. Гематология и трансфузиология 2020;65:164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Makras P., Terpos E., Kanakis G. et al. Reduced bone mineral density in adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;58(5):819–22. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Alexandraki K.I., Makras P., Protogerou A.D. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with multisystem Langerhans­cell histiocytosis: evidence of glucose metabolism abnormalities. QJM 2008;101(1):31–40. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcm118</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Kaltsas G.A., Powles T.B., Evanson J. et al. Hypothalamo­pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(4):1370–6. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.4.6501</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Ma J., Jiang Y., Chen X. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis misdiagnosed as liver cancer and pituitary tumor in an adult: а case report and brief review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2014;7(5): 1602–4. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1928</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Mampaey S., Warson F., Van Hedent E. et al. Imaging findings in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis of the liver and the spleen in an adult. Eur Radiol 1999;9(1):96–8. DOI: 10.1007/s003300050636</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>König C.W., Pfannenberg C., Trübenbach J. et al. MR cholangiography in the diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. Eur Radiol 2001;11(12):2516–20. DOI: 10.1007/s003300100835</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Arakawa A., Matsukawa T., Yamashita Y. et al. Periportal fibrosis in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis mimicking multiple liver tumors: US, CT, and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1994;18(1):157–9. DOI: 10.1097/00004728­199401000­00037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Hong L., Sun G., Peng L. et al. Isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the spleen: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(38):e12378. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012378</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Singhi A.D., Montgomery E.A. Gastrointestinal tract langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic study of 12 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35(2):305–10. DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31820654e4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Geissmann F., Thomas C., Emile J.F. et al. Digestive tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The French Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Study Group. J Pediatr 1996;129(6):836–45. DOI: 10.1016/s0022­3476(96)70027­6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Hamdan M., Qiao J.C., Fikfak V. Adult­onset perianal Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as pruritus ani: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2021;15(1):357. DOI: 10.1186/ s13256­021­02924­0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Shankar U., Prasad M., Chaurasia O.P. A rare case of langerhans cell histiocytosis of the gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(12):1410–3. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i12.1410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Edelweiss M., Medeiros L.J., Suster S. et al. Lymph node involvement by Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Hum Pathol 2007;38(10):1463–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.03.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Lo W.C., Chen C.C., Tsai C.C. et al. Isolated adult Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in cervical lymph nodes: should it be treated? J Laryngol Otol 2009;123(9):1055–7. DOI: 10.1017/S0022215108004155</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Guo J.J., Zhu H.Y., Wang L. et al. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients and the influencing factors of prognosis. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2020;28(6):2079–83. DOI: 10.19746/j.cnki.issn.10092137.2020.06.046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Haupt R., Minkov M., Astigarraga I. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work­up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60(2):175–84. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24367</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Cao X.X., Li J., Zhao A.L. et al. Methotrexate and cytarabine for adult patients with newly diagnosed Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a single arm, single center, prospective phase 2 study. Am J Hematol 2020;95(9):E235–8. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25864</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Magaton I.M., Tzankov A., Krasniqi F. et al. Spontaneous remission of severe systemic Langerhans cell histiocytosis with bladder involvement: a case study. Case Rep Oncol 2017;10(3):876–84. DOI: 10.1159/000480696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Gnanasekhar J.D., Ahmad M.S., Reddy R.R. Multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the jaws: a case report. Quintessence Int 1991;22(7):559–64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Shteinberg M., Yeremekno D., Adir Y. Spontaneous resolution of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis despite smoking. Lung 2016;194(2):331–2. DOI: 10.1007/s00408­016­9845­8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Histiocytosis Association. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. Available at: https://www.histio.org/page.aspx?pid=380.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Steen A.E., Steen K.H., Bauer R. et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis with low­dose methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(1):137–40. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365­2133.2001.04298.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Zinn D.J., Grimes A.B., Lin H. et al. Hydroxyurea: a new old therapy for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2016;128(20): 2462–5. DOI: 10.1182/blood­2016­06­721993</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>Farrugia M.K., Morrison C., Hernandez­Ilizaliturri F. et al. A doseresponse relationship to radiotherapy for cutaneous lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Case Rep Oncol Med 2021;2021:6680635. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680635</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>Nakajima K., Morisawa R., Kodama H. et al. Successful treatment with cyclophosphamide of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the skin and lymph nodes in an adult patient. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35(7):791–2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365­2230.2010.03802.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><label>115.</label><mixed-citation>Chang S.E., Koh G.J., Choi J.H. et al. Widespread skin­limited adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis: long­term follow­up with good response to interferon alpha. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(2):135–7. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365­2230.2002.00989.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><label>116.</label><mixed-citation>Rees J., Paterson A.W. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;47(1):52–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms. 2008.04.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><label>117.</label><mixed-citation>Salama H.A., Jazieh A.R., Alhejazi A.Y. et al. Highlights of the management of adult histiocytic disorders: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim–Chester disease, Rosai–Dorfman disease, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2021;21(1):e66–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.08.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><label>118.</label><mixed-citation>Allen C.E., Ladisch S., McClain K.L. How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2015;126(1):26–35. DOI: 10.1182/blood­2014­12­569301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><label>119.</label><mixed-citation>Go R.S., Jacobsen E., Baiocchi R. et al. Histiocytic Neoplasms, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19(11):1277–303. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.0053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><label>120.</label><mixed-citation>Carrera C.J., Terai C., Lotz M. et al. Potent toxicity of 2–chlorodeoxyadenosine toward human monocytes in vitro and in vivo. A novel approach to immunosuppressive therapy. J Clin Invest 1990;86(5):1480–8. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114865</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><label>121.</label><mixed-citation>Goyal G., Abeykoon J.P., Hu M. et al. Single­agent cladribine as an effective front­line therapy for adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Hematol 2021;96(5):E146–50. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><label>122.</label><mixed-citation>Adam Z., Szturz P., Duraš J. et al. Léčba histiocytózy z Langerhansových buněk kladribinem dosáhla u 9 z 10 dospělých pacientů dlouhodobé kompletní remise [Treatment of Langerhans cells histiocytosis by cladribin reached long–term complete remission in 9 out of 10 adult patients (In Czech)]. Klin Onkol 2012;25(4):255–61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><label>123.</label><mixed-citation>Saven A., Burian C. Cladribine activity in adult Langerhans­cell histiocytosis. Blood 1999;93(12):4125–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><label>124.</label><mixed-citation>Néel A., Artifoni M., Fontenoy A.M. et al. Long­term efficacy and safety of 2CdA (cladribine) in extra­pulmonary adult­onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis: analysis of 23 cases from the French Histiocytosis Group and systematic literature review. Br J Haematol 2020;189(5):869–78. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16449</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><label>125.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cytarabine. Instructions for use. Available at: https://www.rlsnet.ru/drugs/citarabin–798. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цитарабин. Инструкция по применению. Доступно по: https://www.rlsnet.ru/drugs/citarabin­798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B126"><label>126.</label><mixed-citation>Ogura M., Morishima Y., Kobayashi Y. et al. Cladribine Study Group. Durable response but prolonged cytopenia after cladribine treatment in relapsed patients with indolent non­Hodgkin’s lymphomas: results of a Japanese phase II study. Int J Hematol 2004;80(3):267–77. DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><label>127.</label><mixed-citation>Cantu M.A., Lupo P.J., Bilgi M. et al. Optimal therapy for adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis bone lesions. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e43257. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043257</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><label>128.</label><mixed-citation>Martin M., Pennington K., Vassallo R. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: is marijuana smoking a risk factor? Teasers in diffuse lung disease, 2020. Abstract A3303. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccmconference.2020.201.1_MeetingAbstracts.A3303</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><label>129.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumyantsev A.G., Maschan A.A., Maschan M.A. et al. Federal clinical guidelines for the treatment of LCH in children. Moscow, 2015. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Румянцев А.Г., Масчан А.А., Масчан М.А. и др. Федеральные клинические рекомендации по лечению ГКЛ у детей. М., 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B130"><label>130.</label><mixed-citation>Radzikowska E., Wiatr E., Bestry I. et al. The results of treatment with vinbalstine prednisone and mercaptopurine in adult patients with multisystem langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2014;61(11):2138.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><label>131.</label><mixed-citation>Tazi A., Lorillon G., Haroche J. et al. Vinblastine chemotherapy in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: a multicenter retrospective study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017;12(1):95. DOI: 10.1186/s13023­017­0651­z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><label>132.</label><mixed-citation>Duan M.H., Han X., Li J. et al. Comparison of vindesine and prednisone and cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vindesine, and prednisone as first­line treatment for adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a single­center retrospective study. Leuk Res 2016;42:43–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.01.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><label>133.</label><mixed-citation>Kemps P.G., Picarsic J., Durham B.H. et al. ALK­positive histiocytosis: a new clinicopathologic spectrum highlighting neurologic involvement and responses to ALK inhibition. Blood 2022;139(2):256–80. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013338</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B134"><label>134.</label><mixed-citation>Diamond E.L., Subbiah V., Lockhart A.C. et al. Vemurafenib for BRAF V600­mutant Erdheim–Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis: analysis of data from the histology­independent, phase 2, open­label VE­BASKET study. JAMA Oncol 2018;4(3):384–8. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.5029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B135"><label>135.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latyshev V.D., Chavynchak R.D., Averbukh O.M. et al. Trametinib therapy for Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim–Chester disease in adults. Materials of the VI Congress of Hematologists of Russia. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya = Hematology and Transfusiology 2022;67(S1):50. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Латышев В.Д., Чавынчак Р.Д., Авербух О.М. и др. Терапия траметинибом при гистиоцитозе из клеток Лангерганса и болезни Эрдхейма–Честера у взрослых. Материалы VI конгресса гематологов России. Гематология и трансфузиология 2022;67(S1):50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B136"><label>136.</label><mixed-citation>Hazim A.Z., Ruan G.J., Ravindran A. et al. Efficacy of BRAF­Inhibitor therapy in BRAFV600E­mutated adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Oncologist 2020;25(12):1001–4. DOI: 10.1002/onco.13541</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B137"><label>137.</label><mixed-citation>Morrison S., Gray A., Greiling T.M. Improvement of primary vulvar Langerhans cell histiocytosis with lenalidomide. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021;7(5Part B):838–40. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijwd.2021.09.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B138"><label>138.</label><mixed-citation>Lair G., Marie I., Cailleux N. et al. Histiocytose langerhansienne de l’adulte: localisations cutanéomuqueuses régressives après traitement par thalidomide [Langerhans histiocytosis in adults: cutaneous and mucous lesion regression after treatment with thalidomide (In French)]. Rev Med Interne 1998;19(3):196–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0248­8663(97)80720­5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B139"><label>139.</label><mixed-citation>Alioua Z., Hjira N., Oumakhir S. et al. Efficacité du thalidomide dans le traitement de l’histiocytose langerhansienne multisystémique de l’adulte: à propos d’une observation [Thalidomide in adult multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case report (In French)]. Rev Med Interne 2006;27(8):633–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.01.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B140"><label>140.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobsen E., Redd R., Nicotra A. et al. A phase II trial of lenalidomide in adults with histiocyte disorders. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2017;64:S14–5. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26770</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B141"><label>141.</label><mixed-citation>Da Costa C.E., Annels N.E., Faaij C.M. et al. Presence of osteoclast­like multinucleated giant cells in the bone and nonostotic lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Exp Med 2005;201(5):687–93. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041785</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B142"><label>142.</label><mixed-citation>Chellapandian D., Makras P., Kaltsas G. et al. Bisphosphonates in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: an international retrospective case series. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016;8(1):e2016033. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2016.033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B143"><label>143.</label><mixed-citation>Montella L., Merola C., Merola G. et al. Zoledronic acid in treatment of bone lesions by Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2009;27(1):110–3. DOI: 10.1007/s00774­008­0001­2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B144"><label>144.</label><mixed-citation>Makras P., Tsoli M., Anastasilakis A.D. et al. Denosumab for the treatment of adult multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Metabolism 2017;69:107–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B145"><label>145.</label><mixed-citation>Arenzana­Seisdedos F., Barbey S., Virelizier J.L. et al. Histiocytosis X. Purified (T6+) cells from bone granuloma produce interleukin 1 and prostaglandin E2 in culture. J Clin Invest 1986;77(1):326–9. DOI: 10.1172/JCI112296</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B146"><label>146.</label><mixed-citation>De Benedittis D., Mohamed S., Rizzo L. et al. Indomethacin is an effective treatment in adults and children with bone Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Br J Haematol 2020;191(5):e109–13. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17067</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
