OncohematologyOncohematologyОнкогематология1818-83462413-4023Publishing House ABV Press46010.17650/1818-8346-2021-16-1-23-30DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HEMOBLASTOSESДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ГЕМОБЛАСТОЗОВCharacteristics of telomere length in patients with hematological diseases (literature review)Характеристика длины теломер у пациентов с онкогематологическими заболеваниями (обзор литературы)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-8029KondratievaYu. A.КондратьеваЮ. А.
Russian Federation

Yuliya Alekseevna Kondratieva.

4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd, Moscow 125167.

Кондратьева Юлия Алексеевна.

125167 Москва, Новый Зыковский проезд, 4.

jul.kondrateva44@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-8146MendeleevaL. P.МенделееваЛ. П.
Russian Federation

4 Novyy Zykovskiy Proezd, Moscow 125167.

125167 Москва, Новый Зыковский проезд, 4.

National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of RussiaНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии Минздрава России1404202116123301404202114042021https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/460

Telomeres are protein structures that regulate the process of cellular aging and play the role of a protective “cap” on the end sections of chromosomes. The telomeres of nucleated cells undergo permanent shortening during their lifetime as a result of multiple cycles of DNA replication. The enzyme that provides completion of the missing telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes is called “telomerase”. However, recovery of critically short telomeres by telomerase or recombination in somatic cells is limited due to the presence of a large accumulation of unclosed telomeres, which triggers apoptosis. The death of stem cells due to telomere depletion ensures the selection of abnormal cells in which the genome instability contributes to malignant progression. During carcinogenesis, cells acquire mechanisms for maintaining telomeres in order to avoid programmed death. In addition, tumor cells are able to support the telomere's DNA, counteracting its shortening and premature death. Activation of telomere length maintenance mechanisms is a hallmark of most types of cancers. In the modern world, there is an increasing interest in studying the biological characteristics of telomeres. The development of new methods for measuring telomere length has provided numerous studies to understand the relationship between telomere length of human nucleated cells and cancer. Perhaps maintaining telomere length will be an important step, determining the course and prognosis of the disease. The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of published data of the role and significance of telomere length in patients with hematological malignancies.

Теломеры представляют собой белковые структуры, которые регулируют процесс клеточного старения и играют роль защитного «колпачка» на концевых участках хромосом. Теломеры ядросодержащих клеток в течение жизни подвергаются постоянному укорочению в результате множественных циклов репликации ДНК. Фермент, обеспечивающий достраивание недостающих теломерных повторов на концах хромосом, носит название «теломераза». Однако восстановление критически коротких теломер с помощью теломеразы или рекомбинации в соматических клетках ограничено в результате наличия большого скопления незакрытых теломер, вследствие чего запускается апоптоз. Гибель стволовых клеток из-за истощения теломер обеспечивает отбор аномальных клеток, в которых злокачественному прогрессированию способствует нестабильность генома. При канцерогенезе клетки приобретают механизмы поддержания теломер, для того чтобы избежать запрограммированной смерти. Кроме этого, опухолевые клетки способны поддерживать ДНК теломеры, противодействуя ее укорочению и преждевременной гибели. Активация механизмов поддержания длины теломер является отличительной чертой большинства онкологических заболеваний. В современном мире повышается интерес к изучению биологических характеристик теломер. Разработка новых методик измерения длины теломер обеспечила выполнение многочисленных исследований, позволяющих понять наличие взаимосвязи между длиной теломер ядросодержащих клеток человека и онкологическими заболеваниями. Возможно, поддержание длины теломер окажется важным шагом, определяющим течение и прогноз заболевания. Цель обзора - представить анализ опубликованных сведений о роли и значении длины теломер у пациентов с онкогематологическими заболеваниями.

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