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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1126</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2026-21-3-127-145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT BASIC RESEARCH IN HEMATOLOGY AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ОНКОГЕМАТОЛОГИИ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic landscape of patients at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase: association with targeted therapy efficacy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетический ландшафт пациентов при диагностике хронического миелолейкоза в хронической фазе – ассоциация с эффективностью таргетной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-0141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-7070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Neverova</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Неверова</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0669-2278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vekua</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Векуа</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-9272</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobzev</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобзев</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6019-8704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakho</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахо</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7869-209X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-9729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankrashkina</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панкрашкина</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-6050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ptushkin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Птушкин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anyuta6549@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Botkin Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр им. С. П. Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-­пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-­пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1126">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1126</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Despite advances in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the problem of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains unresolved. The role of additional gene mutations (besides BCR::ABL1) in resistance development is widely discussed. These mutations may influence the development of the disease, its course, progression, and the effectiveness of targeted therapy.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold> – to determine the spectrum and frequency of genetic abnormalities in patients with chronic phase CML at the onset of the disease and to identify genetic factors that predict the poor prognosis for the effectiveness of targeted therapy with ATP-competing TKIs.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study included 61 patients with CML diagnosed in chronic phase: 37 with a long-term stable optimal response to first-line imatinib therapy – favorable CML course (median age 61 (23–83) years, median follow-up 47 (27–78) months), and 24 with resistance to three or more 1<sup>st</sup>- to 3<sup>rd</sup>-generation TKIs (median age 53 (15–81) years, median follow-up 43 (13–90) months). All patients underwent standard examination and high-throughput DNA sequencing using a custom panel of 123 genes.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>.<bold> </bold>Additional mutations in the overall cohort of patients were identified in 59 % of cases in 24 genes: in the group with a favorable CML course – in 40 % of patients, with a resistant course – in 88 %. Mutations of unfavorable significance were determined in 13 and 38 %, of uncertain significance – in 3 and 21 %, benign – in 32 and 67 %, respectively. The most common pathogenic mutations were ASXL1 (10 % of cases in the overall cohort, 5 % in the group with favorable CML, and 17 % in those with resistant CML) and KMT2C (13, 3, and 29 % in the above cohorts, respectively). The presence of additional pathogenic mutations, the number of such mutations (&gt;1), and the presence of pathogenic mutations in the ASXL1 or KMT2C gene are statistically significantly correlated with a decrease in progression-free and overall survival. All five patients who died due to CML progression were resistant to therapy with three or more TKIs and harbored additional pathogenic mutations; three of them had two pathogenic gene mutations, one of which – in all three cases – was an ASXL1 mutation. A comparison of genetic, cytogenetic and clinical data was carried out.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>.<bold> </bold>The obtained results demonstrate the need to incorporate next-generation sequencing of patients’ genetic landscapes at diagnosis into the risk assessment of CML progression, the effectiveness of targeted therapy, and the selection of TKIs for each individual case. However, further studies in larger patient cohorts are currently needed to identify definitive prognostic markers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Несмотря на успехи в лечении хронического миелолейкоза (ХМЛ), проблема резистентности к ингибиторам тирозинкиназ (ИТК) по-прежнему не решена. Широко обсуждается роль в формировании резистентности дополнительных мутаций (помимо <italic>BCR::ABL1</italic>) генов, которые могут влиять на развитие заболевания, его течение, прогрессирование, а также на эффективность таргетной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – определение спектра и частоты встречаемости генетических аномалий у больных ХМЛ в хронической фазе в дебюте заболевания, выявление генетических факторов неблагоприятного прогноза эффективности таргетной терапии АТФ-конкурирующими ИТК.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В исследование включили 61 пациента с ХМЛ, диагностированным в хронической фазе: 37 – с долгосрочным стабильным оптимальным ответом на терапию иматинибом в 1-й линии лечения – группа благоприятного течения ХМЛ (медиана возраста 61 (23–83) год, медиана длительности наблюдения 47 (27–78) мес) и 24 – с резистентностью к терапии 3 и более ИТК 1–3-го поколения (медиана возраста 53 (15–81) года, медиана длительности наблюдения 43 (13–90) мес). Всем пациентам проведены стандартное для ХМЛ обследование и исследование методом методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования ДНК с использованием кастомной панели из 123 генов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Дополнительные мутации в общей когорте больных выявлены в 59 % случаев в 24 генах: в группе с благоприятным течением ХМЛ – у 40 % больных, с резистентным – у 88 %. Мутации негативной клинической значимости определялись у 13 и 38 % пациентов; неопределенной значимости – у 3 и 21 %; доброкачественные – у 32 и 67 % соответственно. Наиболее часто встречались мутации генов <italic>ASXL1</italic> (в общей когорте больных в 10 % случаев, в группе с благоприятным течением ХМЛ – в 5 %, с резистентным течением – в 17 %) и KMT2C (13, 3 и 29 % соответственно). Со снижением выживаемости без прогрессирования и общей выживаемости достоверно коррелировали наличие дополнительных патогенных мутаций, количество таких мутаций (&gt;1), наличие патогенных мутаций гена <italic>ASXL1</italic> или <italic>KMT2C</italic>. Все 5 пациентов, умершие от прогрессирования ХМЛ, имели резистентность к терапии 3 и более ИТК, а также дополнительные патогенные мутации: у 3 из них были по 2 патогенные мутации, одна из которых во всех 3 случаях – мутация гена <italic>ASXL1</italic>. Проведено сопоставление генетических, цитогенетических и клинических данных.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Полученные результаты демонстрируют необходимость в перспективе включения исследования генетического ландшафта пациентов методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования при диагностике ХМЛ в оценку риска течения данного заболевания; это позволит прогнозировать эффективность таргетной терапии и выбрать ИТК для каждого случая. Однако для этого необходимы дальнейшие исследования на больших когортах пациентов в целях определения безусловных прогностических маркеров.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm</kwd><kwd>Ph chromosome</kwd><kwd>BCR-ABL</kwd><kwd>ASXL1</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>tyrosine kinase inhibitor</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>targeted sequencing</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>clinical practice</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический миелолейкоз</kwd><kwd>хроническое миелопролиферативное новообразование</kwd><kwd>Ph-хромосома</kwd><kwd>BCR-ABL</kwd><kwd>ASXL1</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>ингибитор тирозинкиназ</kwd><kwd>высокопроизводительное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>таргетное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>клиническая практика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared based on the results of studies carried out at the expense of budgetary funds on the state assignment of the Botkin Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств в ГБУЗ г. 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