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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1123</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2026-21-2-58-73</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: TREATMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ГЕМОБЛАСТОЗОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>BRAF</italic>- and <italic>MEK</italic>-inhibitors in the treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children and adults: molecular basis, clinical experience and unresolved issues</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title><italic>BRAF</italic>- и <italic>MEK</italic>-ингибиторы в терапии гистиоцитоза из клеток Лангерганса у детей и взрослых: молекулярные основы, клинический опыт и нерешенные вопросы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-2365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valiev</surname><given-names>T. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валиев</surname><given-names>Т. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timurvaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7086-0387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klishina</surname><given-names>Y. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клишина</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timurvaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-553X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belysheva</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белышева</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timurvaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1564-424X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zeynalova</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зейналова</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timurvaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-6193</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milovanova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милованова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timurvaliev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Hospital "Lapino" of the "Mother and Child" Group of Companies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клинический госпиталь «Лапино» группы компаний «Мать и дитя»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pediatric Clinical Hospital named after Z. A. Bashlyaeva, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З. А. Башляевой Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-­пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-­пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1123">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1123</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal myeloid neoplasm driven by constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. The principal molecular alterations are activating somatic mutations in BRAF, MAP2K1, ARAF, KRAS, and NRAS. Their identification provided the rationale for BRAF and MEK inhibitors, which place in treatment depends on age, clinical subtype, and LCH molecular profile.</p> <p><bold>Aim of the work</bold> – to analyze the molecular basis, efficacy, and safety of <italic>BRAF</italic> and <italic>MEK</italic> inhibitors in children and adults with LCH and to identify unresolved issues in molecularly targeted therapy.</p> <p>In a pediatric cohort, the <italic>BRAF</italic> V600E mutation was detected in 54.6 % of patients and was associated with higher rates of resistance to first-line therapy (21.9 % vs 3.3 %) and 5-year disease reactivation (42.8 % vs 28.1 %). BRAF inhibitors are used primarily for BRAF V600E, whereas MEK inhibitors target MAP2K1 mutations and other activating alterations of the MAPK cascade. Two-year overall survival in pediatric patients with LCH, treated with BRAF and MEK inhibitors is 98 %. After end of treatment 3-year event-free survival decrease up to 62 %.</p> <p>In adults the <italic>BRAF</italic> V600E mutation was detected in 38.8 %, BRAF deletions in 25.4 %, and MAP2K1 mutations in 19.4 % of patients. In all cases, complete or partial responses have been observed with the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors, but there are no results on long-term survival in adult patients with LCH.</p> <p>The main limitations of molecularly targeted therapy are frequent reactivation after discontinuation, uncertain optimal treatment duration, and adverse events. BRAF inhibitors most commonly cause cutaneous toxicity, photosensitivity, arthralgia, and QT prolongation; MEK inhibitors may cause dermatologic, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and ophthalmologic complications.</p> <p><italic>BRAF</italic> and <italic>MEK</italic> inhibitors are highly effective components of personalized therapy for LCH with activating MAPK pathway alterations. The strongest evidence concerns children with relapsed or refractory multisystem disease; first-line use in children and adults are supported mainly by observational studies and small heterogeneous cohorts. So, treatment choice should account for clinical subtype, molecular profile, risk of irreversible organ damage, and expected toxicity. Treatment sequence, combinations of BRAF and MEK inhibitors, duration, discontinuation criteria, and long-term safety require prospective evaluation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лангергансоклеточный гистиоцитоз (ЛКГ) – редкая клональная миелоидная неоплазия, обусловленная конститутивной активацией MAPK-сигнального пути. К основным молекулярным нарушениям при ЛКГ относятся активирующие соматические мутации генов BRAF, MAP2K1, ARAF, KRAS и NRAS. Их выявление обосновало практическое применение ингибиторов BRAF и MEK, место которых в лечении определяется возрастом пациента, клиническим вариантом и молекулярным профилем заболевания.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> – проанализировать молекулярные основы, эффективность и безопасность применения ингибиторов <italic>BRAF</italic> и <italic>MEK</italic> при ЛКГ у детей и взрослых, а также определить нерешенные вопросы молекулярно-направленной терапии.</p> <p>В педиатрической когорте больных ЛКГ мутация <italic>BRAF</italic> V600E выявляется у 54,6 % пациентов и ассоциирована с более высокой частотой резистентности к 1-й линии терапии (21,9 % против 3,3 %) и вероятностью реактивации заболевания в течение 5 лет после верификации диагноза (42,8 % против 28,1 %). Ингибиторы BRAF применяются преимущественно при обнаружении мутации BRAF V600E, ингибиторы MEK – при мутациях MAP2K1 и других активирующих изменениях MAPK-каскада. Двухлетняя общая выживаемость при терапии ЛКГ ингибиторами BRAF и МЕK у детей составляет 98 %. После прекращения терапии 3-летняя бессобытийная выживаемость снижается до 62 %.</p> <p>У взрослых больных мутация <italic>BRAF</italic> V600E выявлена в 38,8 % случаев, делеции <italic>BRAF</italic> – в 25,4 %, мутации <italic>MAP2K1</italic> – в 19,4 %. Во всех случаях при использовании ингибиторов BRAF и MEK отмечается полный или частичный ответ, но результатов по длительной выживаемости взрослых больных ЛКГ нет.</p> <p>Основные ограничения молекулярно-направленной терапии ЛКГ – высокая частота реактивации заболевания после ее прекращения, неопределенная оптимальная продолжительность лечения и нежелательные явления. Ингибиторы BRAF чаще всего вызывают кожную токсичность, фотосенсибилизацию, артралгии и увеличение интервала QT; ингибиторы MEK – дерматологические, желудочно-кишечные, кардиальные и офтальмологические осложнения.</p> <p>Ингибиторы <italic>BRAF</italic> и <italic>MEK</italic> являются высокоэффективным компонентом персонализированной терапии ЛКГ с активирующими изменениями MAPK-сигнального пути. Наиболее убедительные данные получены у детей с рецидивирующим или рефрактерным мультисистемным заболеванием. Опыт использования ингибиторов BRAF и МЕK в 1-й линии у детей и в лечении взрослых основан преимущественно на результатах, полученных в небольших, неоднородных когортах больных. Следовательно, выбор терапии ЛКГ должен учитывать клинический вариант заболевания, молекулярный профиль, риск необратимого поражения органов и ожидаемую токсичность. Требуют уточнения последовательность и комбинации назначения ингибиторов BRAF и МЕK, продолжительность лечения, критерии его прекращения и долгосрочная безопасность.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Langerhans cell histiocytosis</kwd><kwd>BRAF V600E</kwd><kwd>MAPK-ERK</kwd><kwd>BRAF inhibitor</kwd><kwd>MEK inhibitor</kwd><kwd>molecularly targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лангергансоклеточный гистиоцитоз</kwd><kwd>BRAF V600E</kwd><kwd>MAPK-ERK</kwd><kwd>ингибитор BRAF</kwd><kwd>ингибитор MEK</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-направленная терапия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Emile J.F., Abla O., Fraitag S. et al. Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages. Blood 2016;127(22):2672–81. 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