<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1081</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2026-21-2-105-115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SUPPORTIVE THERAPY ASPECTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АСПЕКТЫ ПОДДЕРЖИВАЮЩЕЙ ТЕРАПИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Preliminary results of antibacterial therapy escalation strategy in the early posttransplant period in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A retrospective study from a single center</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Предварительные результаты эскалационной стратегии антибактериальной терапии у пациентов после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток в раннем посттрансплантационном периоде. Ретроспективное исследование одного центра</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6894-5014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhammadiev</surname><given-names>Sardor B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаммадиев</surname><given-names>Сардор Бахтиерович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asilov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асилов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5559-1655</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Olimzhonov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олимжонов</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9060-2553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhamadalieva</surname><given-names>G. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махамадалиева</surname><given-names>Г. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8058-2738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kayumov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каюмов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9486-3853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskhakov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исхаков</surname><given-names>Э. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9431-8316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drokov</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дроков</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bmsardor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Specialized Scientific Practical Medical Center of Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский специализированный научно-практический медицинский центр гематологии Минздрава Республики Узбекистан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-­пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-­пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1081">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1081</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Infectious complications remain a leading cause of early transplant-related mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), particularly during the period of febrile neutropenia. Despite advances in transplantation techniques and supportive care, the optimal strategy for empirical antibacterial therapy in this high-risk population remains controversial, especially in resource-limited settings.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To evaluate the incidence and spectrum of infectious complications, their impact on early mortality after allo-HSCT, and to assess the effectiveness and safety of an escalation-based empirical antibacterial therapy strategy in a single transplantation center with limited resources.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A single-center retrospective study included 45 adult patients who underwent allo-HSCT between 2023 and 2025 (acute myeloid leukemia – 21, acute lymphoblastic leukemia – 15, aplastic anemia – 8, myelodysplastic syndrome – 1). All patients received a uniform conditioning regimen based on fludarabine and melphalan (FluMel140). The incidence of febrile neutropenia, bloodstream infections, sepsis and septic shock, intensive care unit admission, and early mortality (≤30 days post-transplant) were analyzed. All patients received empirical antibacterial therapy following an escalation strategy. Microbiological identification was performed using VITEK 2 COMPACT and VITEK MS PRIME systems.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Febrile neutropenia occurred in 100 % of patients. Recurrent febrile neutropenia was observed in 44 % of cases, requiring escalation of antibacterial therapy to carbapenems. Microbiologically documented bloodstream infections were identified in 13 % of patients. Sepsis with subsequent septic shock developed in 22 % of patients and was associated with 100 % mortality in this subgroup. Gram-negative pathogens predominated among fatal infections, with <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> being the most frequently identified organisms. Late colonization with <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> was observed in all patients who died from infectious complications.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Infectious complications remain the principal cause of early mortality after allo-HSCT. An escalation-based empirical antibacterial therapy strategy represents a feasible and reproducible approach in the majority of allo-HSCT recipients. However, in patients with a high infectious risk profile and colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms, this strategy may be insufficient. The obtained results highlight the need for individualized empirical therapy, enhanced microbiological monitoring, and optimization of conditioning regimens, particularly in resource-limited transplant centers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Инфекционные осложнения остаются одной из ведущих причин ранней трансплантационной летальности после аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК), особенно в период фебрильной нейтропении. Несмотря на совершенствование трансплантационных технологий и сопроводительной терапии, оптимальная стратегия эмпирической антибактериальной терапии у данной категории пациентов остается предметом дискуссии, особенно в условиях ограниченных ресурсов.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценить частоту и спектр инфекционных осложнений, их влияние на раннюю летальность после алло-ТГСК, а также проанализировать эффективность и безопасность эскалационной стратегии эмпирической антибактериальной терапии в условиях 1 трансплантационного центра с ограниченными возможностями.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено одноцентровое ретроспективное исследование, включившее 45 взрослых пациентов, перенесших алло-ТГСК в период с 2023 по 2025 г. (острый миелоидный лейкоз – у 21, острый лимфобластный лейкоз – у 15, апластическая анемия – у 8, миелодиспластический синдром – у 1). Всем пациентам выполнена трансплантация с использованием режима кондиционирования FluMel140. Анализировали частоту фебрильной нейтропении, инфекций кровотока, сепсиса и септического шока, потребности в переводе в отделение реанимации и ранней летальности (≤30 дней после алло-ТГСК). Всем пациентам назначали эмпирическую антибактериальную терапию в рамках эскалационной стратегии. Микробиологическую идентификацию возбудителей проводили с использованием систем VITEK 2 COMPACT и VITEK MS PRIME.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Фебрильная нейтропения зарегистрирована у 100 % пациентов. Ее рецидив отмечен у 44 % больных, что потребовало эскалации антибактериальной терапии до карбапенемов. Микробиологически подтвержденные инфекции кровотока выявлены у 13 % пациентов. Сепсис с последующим развитием септического шока развился у 22 % пациентов и ассоциировался со 100 % летальностью в данной подгруппе. Основными возбудителями инфекций, приведших к летальному исходу, являлись грамотрицательные микроорганизмы, преимущественно <italic>Klebsiella</italic><italic> </italic><italic>pneumoniae</italic> и <italic>Pseudomonas</italic><italic> </italic><italic>aeruginosa</italic>. У всех пациентов с инфекционной летальностью выявлена поздняя колонизация <italic>Klebsiella</italic><italic> </italic><italic>pneumoniae</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Инфекционные осложнения остаются ведущей причиной ранней летальности после алло-ТГСК. Эскалационная стратегия эмпирической антибактериальной терапии – воспроизводимый и клинически обоснованный подход у большинства реципиентов алло-ТГСК. Однако у пациентов с отягощенным инфекционным анамнезом и колонизацией потенциально резистентной флорой данный подход может быть недостаточно эффективным. Полученные результаты подчеркивают необходимость индивидуализации стартовой антибактериальной терапии, расширения микробиологического мониторинга и оптимизации режимов кондиционирования, особенно в условиях ограниченных ресурсов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>infectious complication</kwd><kwd>febrile neutropenia</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>escalation antibacterial therapy</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>инфекционное осложнение</kwd><kwd>фебрильная нейтропения</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>эскалационная антибактериальная терапия</kwd><kwd>летальность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Greco R., Ruggeri A., McLornan D.P. et al. Indications for haematopoietic cell transplantation and CAR-T for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: 2025 EBMT practice recommendations. Bone Marrow Transplant 2025;60(11):1499–525. DOI: 10.1038/s41409-025-02701-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Tomblyn M., Chiller T., Einsele H. et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15(10):1143–238. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kontoyiannis D.P., Marr K.A., Park B.J. et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(8):1091–100. DOI: 10.1086/651263</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Balletto E., Mikulska M. Bacterial infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015;7(1):e2015045. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2015.045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhmedov M.I., Klyasova G.A., Parovichnikova E.N. et al. Bloodstream infections in different stage of reconstitution after first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Onkogematologiya = Oncohematology 2022;17(1):121–34. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2022-17-1-121-134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахмедов М.И., Клясова Г.А., Паровичникова Е.Н. и др. Инфекции кровотока в разные фазы реконституции у больных после первой трансплантации аллогенных гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. Онкогематология 2022;17(1):121–34. DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2022-17-1-121-134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Stohs E.J., Abbas A., Freifeld A. Approach to febrile neutropenia in patients undergoing treatments for hematologic malignancies. Transpl Infect Dis 2024;26(2):e14236. DOI: 10.1111/tid.14236</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Scheich S., Lindner S., Koenig R. et al. Clinical impact of colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms on outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2018;124(2):286–96. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Trajkovska I., Georgievski B., Cevreska L. et al. Early and late complications in patients with allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cell – case report. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017;5(3):340–3. DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hutt D. Engraftment, graft failure, and rejection. In: The European Blood and Marrow Transplantation textbook for nurses. Eds.: M. Kenyon, A. Babic. Springer, Cham; 2018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kongtim P., Portuguese A., Kim S. et al. Superior long-term outcomes with fludarabine and melphalan reduced intensity regimen in older AML/MDS patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation: an analysis of CIBMTR data. Blood 2025;146(Suppl 1):109. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2025-109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bacigalupo A. Antithymocyte globulin and transplants for aplastic anemia. Haematologica 2017;102(7):1137–8. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.171538</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang S., Ji Q., Hu S. Comparison of rabbit ATLG and ATG in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for children with acquired severe aplastic anemia. Blood 2024;144(Suppl 1): 3486. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2024-202413</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hyder M.A., Dimitrova D., Sabina R. et al. Intermediate-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide for myeloablative HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation. Blood Adv 2025;9(10):2553–69. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024014879</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Apolito V., Ceolin V., Spadea M. et al. Cyclosporine plus methotrexate versus cyclosporine alone for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2025;151(2):91. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-025-06138-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hamilton B.K., Liu Y., Hemmer M.T. et al. Inferior outcomes with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019;25(9):1744–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.05.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>El Assaad N., Azzi A., Haddad F. et al. Febrile neutropenia in the Middle East and North Africa Region: trends, management, and outcomes (2000–2024)-A systematic review. IJID Reg 2025;16:100682. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100682</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Okamoto A., Kanda Y., Kimura S.I. et al. Predictive and risk factor analysis for bloodstream infection in high-risk hematological patients with febrile neutropenia: post-hoc analysis from a prospective, large-scale clinical study. Int J Hematol 2021;114(4):472–82. DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03183-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Özdemir S.K., Iltar U., Salim O. et al. Investigation of seasonal frequency and pathogens in febrile neutropenia. Memo 2019;12(2):119–22. DOI: 10.1007/s12254-018-0468-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gustinetti G., Mikulska M. Bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients: A practical update. Virulence 2016;7(3):280–297. DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1156821</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Schonardie A.P., Beck E., Rigatto M.H. Prevalence of bloodstream infection pathogens in hemato-oncological patients and predictors of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections during febrile neutropenia. Braz J Infect Dis 2023;27(2):102758. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102758</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Royo-Cebrecos C., Laporte-Amargós J., Peña M. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections presenting with septic shock in neutropenic cancer patients: impact of empirical antibiotic therapy. Microorganisms 2024;12(4):705. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040705</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Singer M., Deutschman C.S., Seymour C.W. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315(8):801–10. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kong S.G., Jeong S., Lee S. et al. Early transplantation-related mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute leukemia. BMC Cancer 2021;21(1):177. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07897-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Styczyński J., Tridello G., Koster L. et al. Death after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: changes over calendar year time, infections and associated factors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020;55(1):126–36. DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0624-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Averbuch D., Orasch C., Cordonnier C. et al. European guidelines for empirical antibacterial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients in the era of growing resistance: summary of the 2011 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Haematologica 2013;98(12):1826–35. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.091025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Patterson T.F., Thompson G.R. 3rd, Denning D.W. et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(4):e1–60. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw326</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Klastersky J., de Naurois J., Rolston K. et al. Management of febrile neutropaenia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2016;27(suppl 5):v111–8. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Taplitz R.A., Kennedy E.B., Bow E.J. et al. Outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2018;36(14):1443–53. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.6211</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Mikulska M., Del Bono V., Raiola A.M. et al. Blood stream infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: reemergence of Gram-negative rods and increasing antibiotic resistance. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15(1): 47–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.10.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Poutsiaka D.D., Price L.L., Ucuzian A. et al. Blood stream infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with increased mortality. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;40(1):63–70. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705690</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Youssef A., Hafez H., Madney Y. et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of blood stream infections during the first 100 days post-pediatric allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Pediatr Transplant 2020;24(1):e13610. DOI: 10.1111/petr.13610.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Girmenia C., Viscoli C., Piciocchi A. et al. Management of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in stem cell transplant recipients: an Italian multidisciplinary consensus statement. Haematologica 2015;100(9):e373–6. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.125484</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Satlin M.J., Calfee D.P., Chen L. et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae as causes of bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54(4):799–806. DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.723210</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Trecarichi E.M., Pagano L., Martino B. et al. Bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in onco-hematological patients: clinical impact of carbapenem resistance in a multicentre prospective survey. Am J Hematol 2016;91(11):1076–81. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24489</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Klastersky J. Empirical treatment of sepsis in neutropenic patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16(2):131–3. DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00238-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>López R., Pérez-Araos R., Baus F. et al. Outcomes of sepsis and septic shock in cancer patients: focus on lactate. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:603275. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.603275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Huang Q.S., Han T.X., Fu H.X. et al. Prognostic factors and outcomes in patients with septic shock after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2024;30(3):310.e1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.12.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Tatarelli P., Mikulska M. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in hematology patients: emerging threats. Future Microbiol 2016;11:767–80. DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2015-0014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Guo Y., Gao W., Yang H. et al. De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung 2016;45(5):454–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.06.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma S.K., Handoo A., Choudhary D. et al. Severe gastrointestinal mucositis following high dose melphalan therapy for multiple myeloma. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(5):784–5. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Bono R., Sapienza G., Tringali S. et al. The antibiotic de-escalation strategy in patients with multidrug-resistant bacterial colonization after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Front Microbiol 2025;15:1487617. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1487617</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Jaiswal S.R., Gupta S., Kumar R.S. et al. Gut colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae adversely impacts the outcome in patients with hematological malignancies: results of a prospective surveillance study. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018;10(1):e2018025. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2018.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Trifilio S., Verma A., Mehta J. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: heterogeneity of current clinical practice. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;33(7):735–9. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704423</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Averbuch D., Vanbiervliet Y., Baccelli F. et al. Empirical and targeted antimicrobial therapy in patients with febrile neutropenia and haematological malignancy or after haematopoietic cell transplantation: recommendations from the 10th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; S1473-3099(25)00619-X. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00619-X</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
