<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Oncohematology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Oncohematology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкогематология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8346</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-4023</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8346-2025-20-1-114-121</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RARE AND COMPLEX CLINICAL SITUATIONS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT CHOICE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕДКИЕ И СЛОЖНЫЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ СИТУАЦИИ: ДИАГНОСТИКА И ВЫБОР ТАКТИКИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">How to reduce the risk of primary engraftment failure after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Как снизить риск первичного неприживления при гаплоидентичной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у пациентов с острым миелоидным лейкозом?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-0340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhogolev</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жоголев</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii Konstantinovich Zhogolev</p><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Константинович Жоголев</p><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>dr.zhogolev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-8092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarenko</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондаренко</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2814-7683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-0107</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0506-6438</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4332-0114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseev</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеев</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-4136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагин</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197022; 6–8 L’va Tolstogo St.; Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022; ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, I. P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1010">https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/1010</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>   Background. </bold>Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‑HSCT) represents an important alternative for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who lack an HLA‑matched donor. However, the high incidence of primary graft failure remains a significant challenge. Optimizing transplantation strategies, including the selection of the graft source and modification of conditioning regimens, may improve haplo‑HSCT outcomes.</p><p><bold>   Aim. </bold>To evaluate the results of haplo‑HSCT in AML patients in first remission, focusing on engraftment rates and the factors influencing them.</p><p><bold>   Materials and methods. </bold>Seventy‑three AML patients in first remission who underwent haplo‑HSCT between 2015 and 2024 were included in the study. Engraftment was defined as achieving an absolute neutrophil count of ≥ 0.5 × 10<sup>9</sup> / L and a leukocyte count of ≥ 1 × 10<sup>9</sup> / L for three consecutive days and was assessed using cumulative incidence functions with death as a competing event.</p><p><bold>   Results. </bold>The engraftment rate was 80.8 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 69.5–88.3) with a median time of 20 (15–31) days. A higher probability of engraftment was associated with the use of peripheral blood stem cells as the graft source (hazard ratio (HR) 2.62; 95 % CI 1.5–4.58; p &lt; 0.001), myeloablative conditioning (HR 2.29; 95 % CI 1.17–4.45; p = 0.015), a higher Cd34+ cell count in the graft (HR 1.17; 95 % CI 1.05–1.31; p = 0.004), pre‑transplant biological therapy (HR 2.28; 95 % CI 1.33–3.91; p = 0.003), and the inclusion of bendamustine in the conditioning regimen (HR 2.32; 95 % CI 1.33–4.03; p = 0.003). Moreover, the use of peripheral blood stem cells, myeloablative conditioning, and bendamustine significantly reduced the time to engraftment (p = 0.016; p = 0.017; and p = 0.033, respectively). An increased level of Cd34+ cells in the graft correlated with faster engraftment (R = –0.34; p = 0.009). The engraftment rate after a second transplantation was 55.6 % (95 % CI 16.9–82.3).</p><p><bold>   Conclusion. </bold>Haplo‑HSCT remains an important therapeutic option for AML patients in first remission, although its efficacy is limited by the risk of primary graft failure. The use of peripheral blood stem cells, myeloablative conditioning regimens, and modified protocols incorporating bendamustine enhances the probability of engraftment. Of additional interest is the observed positive effect of preceding venetoclax‑based biological therapy. despite the high risk of transplant‑related mortality, a second transplantation appears to be an optimal strategy in cases of primary graft failure.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>   Введение. </bold>Гаплоидентичная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (гапло‑ТГСК) является важной альтернативой для пациентов с острым миелоидным лейкозом (ОМЛ), не имеющих HLA‑совместимого донора. Однако высокая частота первичного неприживления трансплантата остается актуальной проблемой. Оптимизация трансплантационных стратегий, включая выбор источника трансплантата и модификацию режимов кондиционирования (РК), может улучшить исходы гапло‑ТГСК.</p><p><bold>   Цель исследования</bold> – оценить результаты гапло‑ТГСК при ОМЛ в 1‑й ремиссии с акцентом на частоте приживления трансплантата и факторах, влияющих на него.</p><p><bold>   Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование включены 73 пациента с ОМЛ в 1‑й ремиссии, перенесшие гапло‑ТГСК в период с 2015 по 2024 гг. Приживление трансплантата определяли по достижению абсолютного числа нейтрофилов ≥ 0,5 × 10<sup>9</sup> / л и лейкоцитов ≥ 1 × 10<sup>9</sup> / л в течение 3 последовательных дней и оценивали с использованием функции кумулятивной частоты с летальным исходом в качестве конкурирующего события.</p><p><bold>   Результаты. </bold>Частота приживления трансплантата составила 80,8 % (95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) 69,5–88,3) с медианой 20 (15–31) дней. Более высокая вероятность приживления ассоциировалась с использованием стволовых клеток периферической крови в качестве источника трансплантата (отношение рисков (ОР) 2,62; 95 % ДИ 1,5–4,58; p &lt; 0,001), миелоаблативным кондиционированием (ОР 2,29; 95 % дИ 1,17–4,45; p = 0,015), увеличением клеточности трансплантата (ОР 1,17; 95 % ДИ 1,05–1,31; p = 0,004), биологической терапией перед аллогенной ТГСК (ОР 2,28; 95 % ДИ 1,33–3,91; p = 0,003) и включением бендамустина в РК (ОР 2,32; 95 % ДИ 1,33–4,03; p = 0,003). Миелоаблативное кондиционирование, бендамустин в РК и стволовые клетки периферической крови также снижали время до приживления трансплантата (p = 0,017; p = 0,033; p = 0,016 соответственно). при повышении уровня Cd34+‑клеток в трансплантате скорость приживления увеличивалась (R = −0,34; p = 0,009). Частота приживления после повторной трансплантации составила 55,6 % (95 % ДИ 16,9–82,3).</p><p><bold>   Заключение. </bold>Гапло‑ТГСК остается важным методом терапии ОМЛ в 1‑й ремиссии, однако ее эффективность ограничена риском первичного неприживления трансплантата. Использование стволовых клеток периферической крови, миелоаблативных РК и модифицированных схем с добавлением бендамустина повышает вероятность приживления.Дополнительный интерес представляет выявленный положительный эффект предшествующей биологической терапии на основе венетоклакса. Повторная трансплантация, несмотря на высокий риск трансплантационной летальности, является оптимальной стратегией при первичном неприживлении.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>acute myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>engraftment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гаплоидентичная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>острый миелоидный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>приживление трансплантата</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Passweg J.R., Baldomero H., Ciceri F. et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapies in Europe 2022. CAR­T activity continues to grow; transplant activity has slowed: a report from the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024;59(6):803–12. DOI: 10.1038/s41409­024­02248­9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Cusatis R., Litovich C., Feng Z. et al. Current trends and outcomes in cellular therapy activity in the United States, including prospective Patient Reported Outcomes data collection within the CIBMTR registry. Transplant Cell Ther 2024;30(9):917.e1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2024.06.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kindwall­Keller T.L., Ballen K.K. Alternative donor graft sources for adults with hematologic malignancies: a donor for all patients in 2017! Oncologist 2017;22(9):1125–34. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017­0009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gragert L., Eapen M., Williams E. et al. HLA match likelihoods for hematopoietic stem­cell grafts in the U.S. registry. N Engl J Med 2014;371(4):339–48. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1311707</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dehn J., Buck K., Maiers M. et al. 8/8 and 10/10 high­resolution match rate for the be the match unrelated donor registry. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015;21(1):137–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.10.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parovichnikova E.N., Kuzmina L.A., Vasilyeva V.A. et al. The time factor and the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya = Russian Journal of Hematology and Transfusiology 2024;69(3):276–84. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.35754/0234­5730­2024­69­3­276­284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Паровичникова Е.Н., Кузьмина Л.А., Васильева В.А. и др. Фактор времени и трансплантация аллогенных гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами. Гематология и трансфузиология 2024;69(3):276–84. DOI: 10.35754/0234­5730­2024­69­3­276­284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Anasetti C., Beatty P.G., Storb R. et al. Effect of HLA incompatibility on graft­versus­host disease, relapse, and survival after marrow transplantation for patients with leukemia or lymphoma. Hum Immunol 1990;29(2):79–91. DOI: 10.1016/0198­8859(90)90071­v</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Dey B.R., Spitzer T.R. Current status of haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2006;135(4):423–37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365­2141.2006.06300.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Beynarovich A.V., Babenko E.V., Moiseev I.S. et al. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in adults for the treatment of hematologic diseases: results of a single center (CIC725). Cell Ther Transplant 2019;8(1):26–35. DOI: 10.18620/ctt­1866­8836­2019­8­1­26­35</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Luznik L., O’Donnell P.V., Symons H.J. et al. HLA-­haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies using nonmyeloablative conditioning and high­dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14(6): 641–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Phelan R., Chen M., Bupp C. et al. Updated trends in hematopoietic cell transplantation in the United States with an additional focus on adolescent and young adult transplantation activity and outcomes. Transplant Cell Ther 2022;28(7):409.e1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.04.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Zhogolev D.K., Bondarenko S.N., Smirnova A.G. et al. Role of haploidentical donor in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with cyclophosphamide­based GvHD prophylaxis regimens in first remission of acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Ther Transplant 2024;13(3):20–30. DOI: 10.18620/ctt­1866­8836­2024­13­3­20­30</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Rudakova T.A., Yakimenko E.S., Volkov N.P. et al. Salvage second allogeneic stem cell transplantation for primary and secondary graft failure in adult patients. Cell Ther Transplant 2023;12(2):15–22. DOI: 10.18620/ctt­1866­8836­2023­12­2­15­22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ruggeri A., Labopin M., Bacigalupo A. et al. Bone marrow versus mobilized peripheral blood stem cells in haploidentical transplants using posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Cancer 2018;124(7):1428–37. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31228</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Jiménez­Antolinez V., Colunga­Pedraza J., Gómez­-De León A. et al. Lesson learned in pediatric haploidentical transplantation in a low­resource environment: delivering melphalan IV and using low dose radiation reduce graft failure. Hematology 2024;29(1):2335417. DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2335417</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kharya G., Jaiswal S.R., Bhat S. et al. Impact of conditioning regimen and graft­versus­host disease prophylaxis on the outcome of haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for high­risk severe aplastic anemia in children and young adults: a report from the Pediatric Severe Aplastic Anemia Consortium of India. Transplant Cell Ther 2023;29(3):199.e1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.12.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Alessandrino E.P., Bernasconi P., Colombo A.A. et al. Thiotepa and fludarabine (TT­FLUDA) as conditioning regimen in poor candidates for conventional allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant. Ann Hematol 2001;80(9):521–4. DOI: 10.1007/s002770100344</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Moiseev I.S., Cherkashina A.N., Rudakova T.A. et al. Low incidence of primary graft failure with bendamustine, fludarabine, and busulfan conditioning prior to haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2024;17(4):219–26. DOI: 10.4103/hemoncstem.HEMONCSTEM­D­24­00026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ciurea S.O., Thall P.F., Milton D.R. et al. Complement­binding donor­specific anti­-HLA antibodies and risk of primary graft failure in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015;21(8):1392–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.05.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ciurea S.O., Cao K., Fernandez-­Vina M. et al. The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) consensus guidelines for the detection and treatment of donor­specific anti­-HLA antibodies (DSA) in haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018;53(5):521–34. DOI: 10.1038/s41409­017­0062­8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ciurea S.O., Al Malki M.M., Kongtim P. et al. Treatment of all sensitized patients receiving allogeneic transplantation. Blood Adv 2021;5(20):4031–43. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004862</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Locatelli F., Lucarelli B., Merli P. Current and future approaches to treat graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014;15(1):23–36. DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.852537</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Vlachonikola E., Sofou E., Gerousi M. et al. Longitudinal profiling of the T cell compartment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with venetoclax. Blood 2022;140(Suppl 1):9891–2. DOI: 10.1182/blood­2022­162173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Cao X.Y., Chen J.Q., Wang H. et al. Addition of venetoclax to myeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in high­risk AML. Ann Med 2023;55(1):388–400. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2164610</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
