CAR-T: from bench to bedside
- Authors: Popova M.О.1, Markelov V.V.1
-
Affiliations:
- Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
- Issue: Vol 19, No 3 (2024)
- Pages: 185-198
- Section: BASIC RESEARCH
- Published: 03.09.2024
- URL: https://oncohematology.abvpress.ru/ongm/article/view/951
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2024-19-3-185-198
- ID: 951
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
In current immunotherapy, a promising direction is therapy using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). Among malignant hematological diseases, even at advanced stages and resistant/recurrent forms, the use of CAR-T demonstrates high efficiency. The observed clinical success in patients with hematologic malignancies not only determines the ever-increasing list of indications for the use of CAR-T in this group of patients, but also motivates the study of this treatment method in solid oncology and autoimmune diseases. This review examines the history of the emergence and development of CAR-T, the path from the idea of creation to registration to clinical use.
Keywords
About the authors
M. О. Popova
Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
Author for correspondence.
Email: marina.popova.spb@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8536-5495
Marina O. Popova
6–8 L’va Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022
Russian FederationV. V. Markelov
Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-5537-6923
6–8 L’va Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022
Russian FederationReferences
- Pavlova A.А., Maschan M.А., Ponomarev V.B. Adoptitive immunotherapy with genetically engineered T lymphocytes modified to express chimeric antigen receptors. Onkogematologiya = Oncohematology 2017;12(1):17–32. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2017-12-1-17-32
- Razi S., Rezaei N. Introduction on cancer immunotherapy. In: Handbook of cancer and immunology. Ed. N. Rezaei. Springer, Cham, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_180-1
- Coley W.B. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. 1893. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991;(262):3–11.
- Coley W.B. The Treatment of inoperable sarcoma by bacterial toxins (the mixed toxins of the Streptococcus erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus). Proc R Soc Med 1910;3 (Surg Sect):1–48.
- Pearl R. On the pathological relations between cancer and tuberculosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1928;26:73–5. doi: 10.3181/00379727-26-4143
- Billingham R.E., Brent L., Medawar P.B. Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. II. The origin, strength and duration of actively and adoptively acquired immunity. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1954;143(910):58–80. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1954.00
- Mitchison N.A. Passive transfer of transplantation immunity. Nature 1953;171(4345):267–8. doi: 10.1038/171267b0
- Gorer P.A. The genetic and antigenic basis of tumour transplantation. J Pathol Bacteriol 1937;44:691–7.
- Snell G.D. Some recollections of Peter Gorer and his work on this fiftieth anniversary of his discovery of H-2. Immunogenetics 1986;24(6):339–40. doi: 10.1007/BF00377948
- Dausset J. Iso-leuco-anticorps [Iso-leuko-antibodies]. Acta Haematol 1958;20(1–4):156–66. doi: 10.1159/000205478
- Edelman G.M. Dissociation of γ-globulin. J Am Chem Soc 1959;81:3155–6.
- Porter R.R. The hydrolysis of rabbit y-globulin and antibodies with crystalline papain. Biochem J 1959;73(1):119–26. doi: 10.1042/bj0730119
- Miller J.F. Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet 1961;2(7205):748–9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)90693-6
- Cooper M.D., Peterson R.D., Good R.A. Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken. Nature 1965;205: 143–6. doi: 10.1038/205143a0
- Thomas E.D., Lochte H.J., Lu W.C., Ferrebee J.W. Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1957;257(11):491–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195709122571102
- Appelbaum F.R. Hematopoietic-cell transplantation at 50. N Engl J Med 2007;357(15):1472–5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp078166
- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990. Available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1990/summary/
- Mathe G., Amiel J.L., Schwarzenberg L. et al. Haematopoietic chimera in man after allogenic (homologous) bone-marrow transplantation (control of the secondary syndrome. specific tolerance due to the chimerism). Br Med J 1963;2(5373):1633–5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5373.1633
- Zinkernagel R.M., Doherty P.C. Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 1974;248(5450):701–2. doi: 10.1038/248701a0
- Shimonkevitz R., Kappler J., Marrack P., Grey H. Antigen recognition by H-2-restricted T cells. I. Cell-free antigen processing. J Exp Med 1983;158(2):303–16. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.2.303
- Townsend A.R., Gotch F.M., Davey J. Cytotoxic T cells recognize fragments of the influenza nucleoprotein. Cell 1985;42(2):457–67. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90103-5
- Reinherz E.L., Meuer S.C., Schlossman S.F. The human T cell receptor: analysis with cytotoxic T cell clones. Immunol Rev 1983;74:83–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1983.tb01085.x
- Morgan D.A., Ruscetti F.W., Gallo R. Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows. Science 1976;193(4257):1007–8. doi: 10.1126/science.181845
- Gillis S., Smith K.A. Long term culture of tumour-specific cytotoxic T cells. Nature 1977;268(5616):154–6. doi: 10.1038/268154a0
- Yron I., Wood T.A.J., Spiess P.J., Rosenberg S.A. In vitro growth of murine T cells. V. The isolation and growth of lymphoid cells infiltrating syngeneic solid tumors. J Immunol 1980;125(1):238–45.
- Lotze M.T., Grimm E.A., Mazumder A. et al. Lysis of fresh and cultured autologous tumor by human lymphocytes cultured in T-cell growth factor. Cancer Res 1981;41(11 Pt 1):4420–5.
- Grimm E.A., Mazumder A., Zhang H.Z., Rosenberg S.A. Lymphokine-activated killer cell phenomenon. Lysis of natural killer-resistant fresh solid tumor cells by interleukin 2-activated autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1982;155(6):1823–41. doi: 10.1084/jem.155.6.1823
- Mulé J.J., Shu S., Schwarz S.L., Rosenberg S.A. Adoptive immunotherapy of established pulmonary metastases with LAK cells and recombinant interleukin-2. Science 1984;225(4669):1487–9. doi: 10.1126/science.6332379
- Mulé J.J., Shu S., Rosenberg S.A. The anti-tumor efficacy of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 in vivo. J Immunol 1985;135(1):646–52.
- Lafreniere R., Rosenberg S.A. Successful immunotherapy of murine experimental hepatic metastases with lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2. Cancer Res 1985;45(8):3735–41.
- Rosenberg S.A., Mulé J.J., Spiess P.J. et al. Regression of established pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous tumor mediated by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1985;161(5):1169–88. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.5.1169
- Rosenberg S.A., Terry W.D. Passive immunotherapy of cancer in animals and man. Adv Cancer Res 1977;25:323–88. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60637-5
- Rosenberg S.A., Spiess P., Lafreniere R. A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Science 1986;233(4770):1318–21. doi: 10.1126/science.3489291
- Fefer A. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy of Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice. Cancer Res 1969;29(12):2177–83.
- Glynn J.P., Halpern B.L., Fefer A. An immunochemotherapeutic system for the treatment of a transplanted Moloney virus-induced lymphoma in mice. Cancer Res 1969;29(3):515–20.
- Rosenberg S.A., Lotze M.T., Muul L.M. et al. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1985;313(23):1485–92. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512053132327
- Rosenberg S.A., Packard B.S., Aebersold P.M. et al. Use of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in the immunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med 1988;319(25):1676–80. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198812223192527
- Topalian S.L., Solomon D., Avis F.P. et al. Immunotherapy of patients with advanced cancer using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1988;6(5):839–53. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1988.6.5.839
- Weiden P.L., Flournoy N., Thomas E.D. et al. Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneicmarrow grafts. N Engl J Med 1979;300(19):1068–73. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197905103001902
- Kolb H.J., Mittermüller J., Clemm C. et al. Donor leukocyte transfusions for treatment of recurrent chronic myelogenous leukemia in marrow transplant patients. Blood 1990;76(12):2462–5.
- Kuwana Y., Asakura Y., Utsunomiya N. et al. Expression of chimeric receptor composed of immunoglobulin-derived V regions and T-cell receptor-derived C regions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;149(3):960–8. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90502-x
- Gross G., Waks T., Eshhar Z. Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibodytype specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86(24):10024–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10024
- Weissman A.M., Baniyash M., Hou D. et al. Molecular cloning of the zeta chain of the T cell antigen receptor. Science 1988;239(4843):1018–21. doi: 10.1126/science.3278377
- Romeo C., Seed B. Cellular immunity to HIV activated by CD4 fused to T cell or Fc receptor polypeptides. Cell 1991;64(5):1037–46. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90327-u
- Irving B.A., Weiss A. The cytoplasmic domain of the T cell receptor zeta chain is sufficient to couple to receptor-associated signal transduction pathways. Cell 1991;64(5):891–901. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90314-o
- Letourneur F., Klausner R.D. T-cell and basophil activation through the cytoplasmic tail of T-cell-receptor zeta family proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88(20):8905–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.20.8905
- Romeo C., Amiot M., Seed B. Sequence requirements for induction of cytolysis by the T cell antigen/Fc receptor zeta chain. Cell 1992;68(5):889–97. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90032-8
- Huston J.S., Levinson D., Mudgett-Hunter M. et al. Protein engineering of antibody binding sites: recovery of specific activity in an anti-digoxin single-chain Fv analogue produced in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85(16):5879–83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5879
- Bird R.E., Hardman K.D., Jacobson J.W. et al. Singlechain antigen-binding proteins [published correction appears in Science 1989 Apr 28;244(4903):409]. Science 1988;242(4877):423–6. doi: 10.1126/science.3140379
- Eshhar Z., Waks T., Gross G., Schindler D.G. Specific activation and targeting of cytotoxic lymphocytes through chimeric single chains consisting of antibody-binding domains and the gamma or zeta subunits of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90(2):720–4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.2.720
- Stancovski I., Schindler D.G., Waks T. et al. Targeting of T lymphocytes to Neu/HER2-expressing cells using chimeric single chain Fv receptors. J Immunol 1993;151(11):6577–82.
- Brocker T., Peter A., Traunecker A., Karjalainen K. New simplified molecular design for functional T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 1993;23(7):1435–9. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830230705
- Moritz D., Wels W., Mattern J., Groner B. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes with a grafted recognition specificity for ERBB2-expressing tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91(10):4318–22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.10.4318
- Hwu P., Yang J.C., Cowherd R. et al. In vivo antitumor activity of T cells redirected with chimeric antibody/T-cell receptor genes. Cancer Res 1995;55(15):3369–73.
- Weijtens M.E., Willemsen R.A., Valerio D. et al. Single chain Ig/ gamma gene-redirected human T lymphocytes produce cytokines, specifically lyse tumor cells, and recycle lytic capacity. J Immunol 1996;157(2):836–43.
- Gong M.C., Latouche J.B., Krause A. et al. Cancer patient T cells genetically targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen specifically lyse prostate cancer cells and release cytokines in response to prostate-specific membrane antigen. Neoplasia 1999;1(2):123–7. doi: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900018
- Haynes N.M., Snook M.B., Trapani J.A. et al. Redirecting mouse CTL against colon carcinoma: superior signaling efficacy of singlechain variable domain chimeras containing TCR-zeta vs Fc epsilon RI-gamma. J Immunol 2001;166(1):182–7. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.182
- Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R., Robbins P.F. et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002;298(5594):850–4. doi: 10.1126/science.1076514
- Kershaw M.H., Westwood J.A., Parker L.L. et al. A phase I study on adoptive immunotherapy using gene-modified T cells for ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(20 Pt 1):6106–15. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1183
- Lamers C.H., Sleijfer S., Vulto A.G. et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: first clinical experience. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(13):e20–2. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.05.9964
- Park J.R., Digiusto D.L., Slovak M. et al. Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor re-directed cytolytic T lymphocyte clones in patients with neuroblastoma. Mol Ther 2007;15(4):825–33. doi: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300104
- Till B.G., Jensen M.C., Wang J. et al. Adoptive immunotherapy for indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma using genetically modified autologous CD20-specific T cells. Blood 2008;112(6):2261–71. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-128843
- Morgan R.A., Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R. et al. Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes. Science 2006;314(5796):126–9. doi: 10.1126/science.1129003
- Lenschow D.J., Walunas T.L., Bluestone J.A. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol 1996;14:233–58. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.233
- Alvarez-Vallina L., Hawkins R.E. Antigen-specific targeting of CD28-mediated T cell co-stimulation using chimeric singlechain antibody variable fragment-CD28 receptors. Eur J Immunol 1996;26(10):2304–9. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830261006
- Finney H.M., Lawson A.D., Bebbington C.R., Weir A.N. Chimeric receptors providing both primary and costimulatory signaling in T cells from a single gene product. J Immunol 1998;161(6):2791–7.
- Hombach A., Wieczarkowiecz A., Marquardt T. et al. Tumorspecific T cell activation by recombinant immunoreceptors: CD3 zeta signaling and CD28 costimulation are simultaneously required for efficient IL-2 secretion and can be integrated into one combined CD28/CD3 zeta signaling receptor molecule [published correction appears in J Immunol 2004;173(1):695]. J Immunol 2001;167(11):6123–31. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6123
- Maher J., Brentjens R.J., Gunset G. et al. Human T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity and proliferation directed by a single chimeric TCRzeta/CD28 receptor. Nat Biotechnol 2002;20(1):70–5. doi: 10.1038/nbt0102-70
- Finney H.M., Akbar A.N., Lawson A.D. Activation of resting human primary T cells with chimeric receptors: costimulation from CD28, inducible costimulator, CD134, and CD137 in series with signals from the TCR zeta chain. J Immunol 2004;172(1):104–13. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.104
- Imai C., Mihara K., Andreansky M. et al. Chimeric receptors with 4-1BB signaling capacity provoke potent cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2004;18(4):676–84. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403302
- Milone M.C., Fish J.D., Carpenito C. et al. Chimeric receptors containing CD137 signal transduction domains mediate enhanced survival of T cells and increased antileukemic efficacy in vivo [published correction appears in Mol Ther 2015;23(7):1278]. Mol Ther 2009;17(8):1453–64. doi: 10.1038/mt.2009.83
- Kochenderfer J.N., Wilson W.H., Janik J.E. et al. Eradication of B-lineage cells and regression of lymphoma in a patient treated with autologous T cells genetically engineered to recognize CD19. Blood 2010;116(20):4099–102. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-281931
- Brentjens R., Yeh R., Bernal Y. et al. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with genetically targeted autologous T cells: case report of an unforeseen adverse event in a phase I clinical trial. Mol Ther 2010;18(4):666–8. doi: 10.1038/mt.2010.31
- Brentjens R.J., Rivière I., Park J.H. et al. Safety and persistence of adoptively transferred autologous CD19-targeted T cells in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy refractory B-cell leukemias. Blood 2011;118(18):4817–28. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-348540
- Porter D.L., Levine B.L., Kalos M. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2016;374(10):998]. N Engl J Med 2011;365(8):725–33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103849
- Melenhorst J.J., Chen G.M., Wang M. et al. Decade-long leukaemia remissions with persistence of CD4+CAR T cells [published correction appears in Nature 2022;612(7941):E22]. Nature 2022;602(7897):503–9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04390-6
- Grupp S.A., Kalos M., Barrett D. et al. Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2016;374(10):998]. N Engl J Med 2013;368(16):1509–18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215134
- Emily is alive today because of cancer research. Available at: https://emilywhiteheadfoundation.org/our-journey/
- Maude S.L., Frey N., Shaw P.A. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2016;374(10):998]. N Engl J Med 2014;371(16):1507–17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407222
- Maude S.L., Laetsch T.W., Buechner J. et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2018;378(5):439–48. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709866
- O’Leary M.C., Lu X., Huang Y. et al. FDA approval summary: tisagenlecleucel for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(4):1142–6. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2035
- State register of medicine prices. Registration certificate of the drug Kymriah. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=9b10523c-a956-455d-bf97-ef27653f3e44 (In Russ.).
- Kochenderfer J.N., Dudley M.E., Kassim S.H. et al. Chemotherapy-refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and indolent B-cell malignancies can be effectively treated with autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(6):540–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2025
- Neelapu S.S., Locke F.L., Bartlett N.L. et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2017;377(26):2531–44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707447
- FDA okays second CAR-T for Kite. Nat Biotechnol 2020;38(9):1012. doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0676-z
- Schuster S.J., Bishop M.R., Tam C.S. et al. Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2019;380(1):45–56. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1804980
- Abramson J.S., Palomba M.L., Gordon L.I. et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study. Lancet 2020;396(10254):839–52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31366-0
- Albanyan O., Chavez J., Munoz J. The role of CAR-T cell therapy as second line in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ther Adv Hematol 2022;13:20406207221141511. doi: 10.1177/20406207221141511
- Locke F.L., Miklos D.B., Jacobson C.A. et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2022;386(7):640–54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116133
- Kamdar M., Solomon S.R., Arnason J. et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel versus standard of care with salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation as second-line treatment in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (TRANSFORM): results from an interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial [published correction appears in Lancet 2022;400(10347):160]. Lancet 2022;399(10343): 2294–308. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00662-6
- Bishop M.R., Dickinson M., Purtill D. et al. Second-line tisagenlecleucel or standard care in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2022;386(7):629–39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116596
- Wang M., Munoz J., Goy A. et al. KTE-X19 CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382(14):1331–42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1914347
- Huang Z., Chavda V.P., Bezbaruah R. et al. CAR T-Cell therapy for the management of mantle cell lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2023;22(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01755-5
- Jacobson C.A., Chavez J.C., Sehgal A.R. et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent nonHodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022;23(1):91–103. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00591-X
- Fowler N.H., Dickinson M., Dreyling M. et al. Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial. Nat Med 2022;28(2):325–32. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01622-0
- Brentjens R.J., Davila M.L., Riviere I. et al. CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapyrefractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2013;5(177):177ra38. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005930
- Lee D.W., Kochenderfer J.N., Stetler-Stevenson M. et al. T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 2015;385(9967):517–28. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61403-3
- Shah B.D., Ghobadi A., Oluwole O.O. et al. KTE-X19 for relapsed or refractory adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: phase 2 results of the single-arm, open-label, multicentre ZUMA-3 study. Lancet 2021;398(10299):491–502. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01222-8
- Kalos M., Levine B.L., Porter D.L. et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2011;3(95):95ra73. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002842
- Gill S., Vides V., Frey N.V. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cells in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia [published correction appears in Blood Adv 2023;7(21):6567]. Blood Adv 2022;6(21):5774–85. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007317
- Siddiqi T., Maloney D.G., Kenderian S.S. et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma (TRANSCEND CLL 004): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1–2 study. Lancet 2023;402(10402):641–54. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01052-8
- FDA Approves Lisocabtagene Maraleucel for Relapsed or Refractory CLL or SLL. Available at: https://www.onclive.com/view/fda-approves-lisocabtagene-maraleucel-for-relapsed-orrefractory-cll-or-sll
- Yu B., Jiang T., Liu D. BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00962-7
- Carpenter R.O., Evbuomwan M.O., Pittaluga S. et al. B-cell maturation antigen is a promising target for adoptive T-cell therapy of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(8):2048–60. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2422
- Raje N., Berdeja J., Lin Y. et al. Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy bb2121 in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2019;380(18):1726–37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1817226
- Martin T., Usmani S.Z., Berdeja J.G. et al. Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, an anti-B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: CARTITUDE-1 2-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2023;41(6):1265–74. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00842
- San-Miguel J., Dhakal B., Yong K. et al. Cilta-cell or standard care in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2023;389(4):335–47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2303379
- ODAC Casts 11 to 0 Vote in Favor of Cilta-Cel in R/R Multiple Myeloma. Available at: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/odac-casts-11-to-0-vote-in-favor-of-cilta-cel-in-r-r-multiplemyeloma
- Zhang S., Gu C., Huang L. et al. The third-generation anti-CD30 CAR T-cells specifically homing to the tumor and mediating powerful antitumor activity. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):10488. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14523-0
- Hill L.C., Rouce R.H., Wu M.J. et al. Antitumor efficacy and safety of unedited autologous CD5.CAR T cells in relapsed/refractory mature T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;143(13):1231–41. doi: 10.1182/blood.2023022204
- Zhang Y., Li C., Du M. et al. Allogenic and autologous anti-CD7 CAR-T cell therapies in relapsed or refractory T-cell malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2023;13(1):61. doi: 10.1038/s41408-023-00822-w
- Xiang J., Devenport J.M., Carter A.J. et al. An “off-the-shelf” CD2 universal CAR-T therapy for T-cell malignancies. Leukemia 2023;37(12):2448–56. doi: 10.1038/s41375-023-02039-z
- Zhang M., Wei G., Zhou L. et al. GPRC5D CAR T cells (OriCAR-017) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (POLARIS): a first-in-human, single-centre, single-arm, phase 1 trial. Lancet Haematol 2023;10(2):e107–16. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00372-6
- Brown C.E., Hibbard J.C., Alizadeh D. et al. Locoregional delivery of IL-13Rα2-targeting CAR-T cells in recurrent high-grade glioma: a phase 1 trial [published correction appears in Nat Med 2024]. Nat Med 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02875-1
- Qi C., Gong J., Li J. et al. Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: phase 1 trial interim results. Nat Med 2022;28(6):1189–98. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01800-8
- Müller F., Taubmann J., Bucci L. et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease – a case series with follow-up. N Engl J Med 2024;390(8):687–700. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2308917
- Zheng Z., Li S., Liu M. et al. Fine-tuning through generations: advances in structure and production of CAR-T therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023;15(13):3476. doi: 10.3390/cancers15133476
- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32007R1394
- Trias E., Juan M., Urbano-Ispizua A., Calvo G. The hospital exemption pathway for the approval of advanced therapy medicinal products: an underused opportunity? The case of the CAR-T ARI-0001. Bone Marrow Transplant 2022;57(2):156–9. doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01463-y
- Maschan M., Caimi P.F., Reese-Koc J. et al. Multiple site place-ofcare manufactured anti-CD19 CAR-T cells induce high remission rates in B-cell malignancy patients. Nat Commun 2021;12(1):7200. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27312-6
- Kekre N., Hay K.A., Webb J.R. et al. CLIC-01: manufacture and distribution of non-cryopreserved CAR-T cells for patients with CD19 positive hematologic malignancies. Front Immunol 2022;13:1074740. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074740
- Sergeev V.S., Emelyanova N.V., Markelov V.V. et al. Production of autologous T-lymphocytes with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor using an automated, completely closed and serum-free technological process. Cell Ther Transplant 2023;12(4):50–7.
- A Galapagos company CellPoint. Available at: https://www.glpg.com/about-us/cellpoint/
- Kersten M.J., Saevels K., Beguin Y. et al. Seven-day vein-tovein point-of-care manufactured CD19 CAR T cells (GLPG5101) in relapsed/refractory NHL: results from the phase 1 Atalanta-1 trial. Blood 2023;142 (Suppl 1):2113.
- Russian newspaper. Federal Law of August 4, 2023 No. 466-FZ “On Amendments to Article 4 of the Federal Law “On the Circulation of Medicines” and the Federal Law “On Biomedical Cell Products”. Available at: https://rg.ru/documents/2023/08/08/fz466-site-dok.html (In Russ.).
- Russian newspaper. The Ministry of Health has registered a cancer drug for 39 million rubles. Available at: https://rg.ru/2023/04/19/minzdravzaregistriroval-lekarstvo-ot-raka-za-39-mln-rublej.html (In Russ.).
Supplementary files

